├── .gitignore ├── README.md ├── convert ├── __init__.py ├── convert.py ├── en │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── convert.py │ ├── ebook │ │ ├── base.css │ │ └── gisbook.epub │ ├── html │ │ ├── book.css │ │ ├── generated_toc.js │ │ ├── img │ │ │ ├── Autocorrelation.png │ │ │ ├── Concept_layer.png │ │ │ ├── Conversions.png │ │ │ ├── GIS_multi_scale.png │ │ │ ├── Generalization_aggregation.png │ │ │ ├── Map_series.png │ │ │ ├── Navigation_tools.png │ │ │ ├── Raster_accuracy.png │ │ │ ├── Raster_closeup.png │ │ │ └── Remote_data_and_Services.png │ │ ├── index.html │ │ ├── reset.css │ │ ├── separator.png │ │ ├── template.html │ │ └── typography.css │ └── img │ │ ├── Autocorrelation.png │ │ ├── Concept_layer.png │ │ ├── Conversions.png │ │ ├── Dimensions.png │ │ ├── Elements_remote_sensing.png │ │ ├── Errors_digitization.png │ │ ├── Fractal_line.png │ │ ├── GIS_multi_scale.png │ │ ├── Generalization_aggregation.png │ │ ├── HierarchyMap.png │ │ ├── How_internet_works.png │ │ ├── Imprecision_raster.png │ │ ├── Interoperable.png │ │ ├── Intersection.png │ │ ├── IntervalClasses.png │ │ ├── Isolines.png │ │ ├── LegendProportionalSymbols.png │ │ ├── MapElements.png │ │ ├── MapPoints.png │ │ ├── Map_series.png │ │ ├── Navigation_tools.png │ │ ├── Non_interoperable.png │ │ ├── Primitives.png │ │ ├── ProblemsChangeScale.png │ │ ├── Projection.png │ │ ├── PropertiesVisualVariables.png │ │ ├── Raster_accuracy.png │ │ ├── Raster_closeup.png │ │ ├── Remote_data_and_Services.png │ │ ├── Representation_models.png │ │ ├── SaturatedMap.png │ │ ├── Scales.png │ │ ├── Selection.png │ │ ├── Snapping.png │ │ ├── Three_surfaces.png │ │ ├── Tiling.png │ │ ├── Topology_roads.png │ │ ├── Transparency.png │ │ └── VisualVariables.png └── es │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── convert.py │ ├── ebook │ └── base.css │ ├── html │ ├── book.css │ ├── generated_toc.js │ ├── index.html │ ├── reset.css │ ├── separator.png │ ├── template.html │ └── typography.css │ └── img │ ├── Asi_funciona_internet.png │ ├── Autocorrelacion_espacial.png │ ├── CombinacionCapas.png │ ├── Concepto_capa.png │ ├── Conversiones.png │ ├── Datos_y_procesos_remotos.png │ ├── Dimensiones.png │ ├── EjemplosLeyendaSimbolosProporcionales.png │ ├── ElementosMapa.png │ ├── Elementos_teledeteccion.png │ ├── Escalas_formas_terreno.png │ ├── Esquema_interoperable.png │ ├── Esquema_no_interoperable.png │ ├── Esquemas_modelos_representacion.png │ ├── Generalizacion_agregacion.png │ ├── Herramientas_navegacion.png │ ├── Imprecision_raster.png │ ├── Imprecisiones_digitalizacion.png │ ├── Isolineas.png │ ├── JerarquiaMapa.png │ ├── MapaPuntos.png │ ├── Medida_linea_fractal.png │ ├── Piramide.png │ ├── Primitivas_vectoriales.png │ ├── ProblemasRepresentacionSimbolos.png │ ├── PropiedadesVariablesVisuales.png │ ├── Proyeccion.png │ ├── Raster_closeup.png │ ├── RepresentacionSaturada.png │ ├── SIG_multi_escala.png │ ├── Seleccion.png │ ├── Seleccion_rectangulo.png │ ├── Serie_mapas.png │ ├── Servidores_y_clientes.png │ ├── Snapping.png │ ├── Suavizar_digitalizado.png │ ├── Texturas.png │ ├── Tiling.png │ ├── TiposIntervalosClases.png │ ├── Topologia_vias.png │ ├── Tres_superficies.png │ └── VariablesVisuales.png ├── covers ├── cover_en_cs.psd ├── cover_es_bod.psd ├── cover_es_cs.psd ├── ebook_es.jpg └── printed_book_es.psd └── latex ├── en ├── Analysis │ ├── Analysis.tex │ ├── Autocorrelation.png │ ├── Conversions.png │ ├── Fractal_line.pdf │ ├── Intersection.pdf │ └── Scales.pdf ├── Cartography │ ├── Cartography.tex │ ├── GIS_multi_scale.png │ ├── Generalization_aggregation.png │ ├── Projection.pdf │ ├── Proyection.svg │ ├── Three_surfaces.pdf │ └── Three_surfaces.svg ├── Data │ ├── Concept_layer.png │ ├── Data.tex │ ├── Dimensions.png │ ├── Dimensions.svg │ ├── Primitives.pdf │ ├── Primitives.svg │ ├── Raster_accuracy.png │ ├── Raster_closeup.png │ ├── Representation_models.pdf │ ├── Representation_models.svg │ ├── Topology_roads.pdf │ └── Topology_roads.svg ├── Data_sources │ ├── Data_sources.tex │ ├── Elements_remote_sensing.pdf │ ├── Elements_remote_sensing.svg │ ├── Errors_digitization.pdf │ ├── Errors_digitization.svg │ └── Snapping.pdf ├── Databases │ ├── Databases.tex │ └── Selection.png ├── History │ └── History.tex ├── Introduction │ └── Introduction.tex ├── Software │ ├── How_internet_works.pdf │ ├── How_internet_works.svg │ ├── Interoperable.pdf │ ├── Interoperable.svg │ ├── Map_series.png │ ├── Navigation_tools.png │ ├── Non_interoperable.pdf │ ├── Non_interoperable.svg │ ├── Remote_data_and_services.pdf │ ├── Remote_data_and_services.png │ ├── Remote_data_and_services.svg │ ├── Software.aux │ ├── Software.tex │ └── Tiling.pdf ├── Visualization │ ├── HierarchyMap.png │ ├── IntervalClasses.png │ ├── Isolines.png │ ├── LegendProportionalSymbols.pdf │ ├── MapElements.png │ ├── MapPoints.png │ ├── ProblemsChangeScale.pdf │ ├── ProblemsChangeScale.png │ ├── PropertiesVisualVariables.pdf │ ├── PropertiesVisualVariables.svg │ ├── SaturatedMap.png │ ├── Transparency.png │ ├── VisualVariables.pdf │ └── Visualization.tex ├── foreword.tex ├── gisbook.tex └── prologue.tex └── es ├── Analisis ├── Analisis.aux ├── Analisis.tex ├── Autocorrelacion_espacial.png ├── Conversiones.png ├── Efecto_borde.pdf ├── Escalas_formas_terreno.pdf ├── Interseccion.pdf └── Medida_linea_fractal.pdf ├── Bases_datos ├── ArquitecturaDual.pdf ├── ArquitecturaDual.svg ├── Bases_datos.aux ├── Bases_datos.tex ├── ComparacionModelos.pdf ├── ComparacionModelos.svg ├── EjemploDiagramaER.pdf ├── EjemploDiagramaER.svg ├── ElementosModeloRelacional.pdf ├── ElementosModeloRelacional.svg ├── SGBD.pdf ├── SGBD.svg ├── Seleccion_rectangulo.png ├── SimbolosER.pdf └── SimbolosER.svg ├── Datos ├── Concepto_capa.png ├── Datos.aux ├── Datos.tex ├── Dimensiones.pdf ├── Dimensiones.svg ├── Distintas_escalas_horizontal.png ├── Esquemas_modelos_representacion.pdf ├── Esquemas_modelos_representacion.svg ├── Imprecision_raster.png ├── Primitivas_vectoriales.pdf ├── Primitivas_vectoriales.svg ├── Raster_closeup.png ├── Topologia_vias.pdf └── Topologia_vias.svg ├── Fuentes_datos ├── Elementos_teledeteccion.pdf ├── Elementos_teledeteccion.svg ├── Fuentes_datos.aux ├── Fuentes_datos.tex ├── Imprecisiones_digitalizacion.pdf ├── Imprecisiones_digitalizacion.svg ├── Snapping.pdf └── Snapping.svg ├── Fundamentos_cartograficos ├── CRE5669.tmp ├── Coordenadas_geograficas.pdf ├── Coordenadas_geograficas.svg ├── Elipsoide.pdf ├── Elipsoide.svg ├── Fundamentos_cartograficos.aux ├── Fundamentos_cartograficos.tex ├── Generalizacion_agregacion.png ├── Geoide.png ├── Origen_UTM.pdf ├── Origen_UTM.svg ├── Piramide.png ├── Proyeccion.pdf ├── Proyeccion.svg ├── Proyeccion_cilindrica.png ├── Proyeccion_conica.png ├── SIG_multi_escala.png ├── Tres_superficies.pdf ├── Tres_superficies.svg └── Zonas_UTM.png ├── Historia ├── Etapas_historia.pdf ├── Etapas_historia.svg ├── Historia.aux ├── Historia.log ├── Historia.tex ├── SYMAP.png └── SYMVU.png ├── Introduccion ├── CAD.png ├── Elementos_SIG.pdf ├── Elementos_SIG.svg ├── Elementos_SIG2.pdf ├── Elementos_SIG2.svg ├── Introduccion.aux ├── Introduccion.tex ├── Relacion_subsistemas.pdf └── Relacion_subsistemas.svg ├── Software ├── Asi_funciona_internet.pdf ├── Datos_y_procesos_remotos.png ├── Esquema_interoperable.pdf ├── Esquema_no_interoperable.pdf ├── Herramientas_navegacion.png ├── Serie_mapas.png ├── Servidores_y_clientes.pdf ├── Software.aux ├── Software.tex └── Tiling.pdf ├── Visualizacion ├── CombinacionCapas.png ├── EjemplosLeyendaSimbolosProporcionales.pdf ├── EjemplosLeyendaSimbolosProporcionales.svg ├── ElementosMapa.png ├── Isolineas.png ├── JerarquiaMapa.png ├── MapaPuntos.png ├── ProblemasRepresentacionSimbolos.pdf ├── ProblemasRepresentacionSimbolos.png ├── PropiedadesVariablesVisuales.pdf ├── PropiedadesVariablesVisuales.svg ├── RepresentacionSaturada.png ├── ResumenRepresentacionTiposInformacion.pdf ├── ResumenRepresentacionTiposInformacion.svg ├── TiposIntervalosClases.pdf ├── TiposIntervalosClases.svg ├── VariablesVisuales.pdf ├── VariablesVisuales.svg ├── Visualizacion.aux ├── Visualizacion.log └── Visualizacion.tex ├── librosig.tex └── prologo.tex /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | *.aux 2 | *.log 3 | *.gz 4 | *.toc 5 | *.tcp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Free GIS Book 2 | ================ 3 | 4 | A free (CC licensed) book about the fundamentals of Geographical Information Systems. 5 | 6 | This is a (very) abridged version of the [Libro Libre SIG](https://github.com/volaya/libro-sig) (only available at the moment in spanish) 7 | 8 | The book uses LaTeX. LaTeX sources are found in the *latex* folder, with subfolders for each available language. 9 | 10 | To create the HTML and EPUB versions, run the *convert.py* script in the *convert* folder. 11 | 12 | On-line version available at http://volaya.github.io/gis-book/ 13 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/__init__.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/convert/__init__.py -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/convert.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | if __name__ == '__main__' and __package__ is None: 2 | from os import sys, path 3 | sys.path.append(path.dirname(path.dirname(path.abspath(__file__)))) 4 | from es import convert as convert_es 5 | from en import convert as convert_en 6 | convert_es.convert() 7 | convert_en.convert() 8 | 9 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/__init__.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/convert/en/__init__.py -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/convert.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/convert/en/convert.py -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/ebook/base.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | div.cover { 3 | text-align: center; 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200 | text-align: left; 201 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 202 | -moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 203 | border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 204 | font:.8em "lucida grande","lucida sans unicode", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 205 | z-index: 100; 206 | color: black; 207 | font-weight: normal; 208 | } 209 | 210 | #slideout_general:hover { 211 | left: 450px; 212 | z-index: 100; 213 | } 214 | #slideout_general:hover #slideout_inner_general { 215 | left: 0; 216 | z-index: 100; 217 | } 218 | 219 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/html/generated_toc.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /** Generated TOC 2 | Stuart Langridge, July 2007 3 | 4 | Generate a table of contents, based on headings in the page. 5 | 6 | To place the TOC on the page, add 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | to the page where you want the TOC to appear. If this element 11 | is not present, the TOC will not appear. 12 | 13 | The TOC defaults to displaying all headings that are contained within 14 | the same element as it itself is contained in (or all headings on the 15 | page if you did not provide a generated-toc container). To override this, 16 | provide a "highest heading" value by adding class="generate_from_h3" 17 | (or h2, h4, etc) to the container. (If unspecified, this will display all 18 | headings, as if class="generate_from_h1" was specified.) 19 | 20 | The TOC defaults to operating only on headings contained within the same 21 | element as it itself, i.e., in a page like this: 22 | 23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |

foo

27 |

bar

28 |
29 |

quux

30 |
31 | 32 | The "quux" heading will not appear in the TOC. To override this, 33 | add class="generate_for_page" to the container, which will process 34 | all headings on the page wheresoever they may be. 35 | 36 | */ 37 | 38 | generated_toc = { 39 | generate: function() { 40 | // Identify our TOC element, and what it applies to 41 | generate_from = '2'; 42 | generate_for = 'unset'; 43 | tocparent = document.getElementById('generated-toc'); 44 | 45 | top_node = document.getElementById('chapter'); 46 | 47 | 48 | // If there isn't a specified header level to generate from, work 49 | // out what the first header level inside top_node is 50 | // and make that the specified header level 51 | if (generate_from == 0) { 52 | first_header_found = generated_toc.findFirstHeader(top_node); 53 | if (!first_header_found) { 54 | // there were no headers at all inside top_node! 55 | return; 56 | } else { 57 | generate_from = first_header_found.toLowerCase().substr(1); 58 | } 59 | } 60 | 61 | // add all levels of heading we're paying attention to to the 62 | // headings_to_treat dictionary, ready to be filled in later 63 | headings_to_treat = {"h6":''}; 64 | for (var i=5; i>= parseInt(generate_from); i--) { 65 | headings_to_treat["h" + i] = ''; 66 | } 67 | 68 | // get headings. We can't say 69 | // getElementsByTagName("h1" or "h2" or "h3"), etc, so get all 70 | // elements and filter them ourselves 71 | // need to use .all here because IE doesn't support gEBTN('*') 72 | nodes = top_node.all ? top_node.all : top_node.getElementsByTagName('*'); 73 | 74 | // put all the headings we care about in headings 75 | headings = []; 76 | for (var i=0; i cur_head_lvl) { 116 | // this heading is at a lower level than the last one; 117 | // create additional nested lists to put it at the right level 118 | 119 | // get the *last* LI in the current list, and add our new UL to it 120 | var last_listitem_el = null; 121 | for (var j=0; j]+>/g, ''); 177 | }, 178 | 179 | findFirstHeader: function(node) { 180 | // a recursive function which returns the first header it finds inside 181 | // node, or null if there are no functions inside node. 182 | var nn = node.nodeName.toLowerCase(); 183 | if (nn.match(/^h[1-6]$/)) { 184 | // this node is itself a header; return our name 185 | return nn; 186 | } else { 187 | for (var i=0; i 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
15 |
16 |

17 | Introduction
18 | to
19 | GIS 20 |

21 | 22 |

A free book by Víctor Olaya

23 | 24 |

25 | 26 |

This is a free book about Geographical Information Systems.

27 |

You can read it on-line, buy printed copies or download a pdf or epub file.

28 | 29 |

If you have any suggestion or comment, you can contact the author..

30 | 31 |

Collaboration

32 | 33 |

This book is an open project in which you can collaborate. Source files and images are available in the project's GitHub repository . 34 | 35 |

Contents

36 | 37 |
54 |
55 | 56 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/html/reset.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | html, body, div, span, object, iframe, 2 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, 3 | a, abbr, acronym, address, code, 4 | del, dfn, em, img, q, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, 5 | fieldset, form, label, legend, 6 | table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { 7 | margin: 0; 8 | padding: 0; 9 | border: 0; 10 | font-weight: inherit; 11 | font-style: inherit; 12 | font-size: 100%; 13 | font-family: inherit; 14 | vertical-align: baseline; 15 | } 16 | 17 | 18 | /* Tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup. */ 19 | table { border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; } 20 | caption, th, td { text-align: left; font-weight: normal; } 21 | table, td, th { vertical-align: middle; } 22 | 23 | /* Remove possible quote marks (") from ,
. */ 24 | blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ""; } 25 | blockquote, q { quotes: "" ""; } 26 | 27 | /* Remove annoying border on linked images. */ 28 | a img { border: none; } 29 | 30 | 31 | body { 32 | 33 | margin: 100px; 34 | } 35 | 36 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/html/separator.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/convert/en/html/separator.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/html/template.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
12 |
13 | [BODY] 14 |
15 |
16 | 17 |
18 | Chapter contents 19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 | Book contents 25 | 39 |
40 | 41 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/en/html/typography.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans); 2 | @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:bold); 3 | body { font:1.05em "Open Sans", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 4 | font-size-adjust:none; 5 | font-style:normal; 6 | font-variant:normal; 7 | font-weight:normal; 8 | background: #FFFFFF; 9 | } 10 | 11 | b {font-weight: 200%;} 12 | p { padding:0 0 1em 0; line-height: 150%;} 13 | 14 | ul,ol{padding-left: 40px; line-height: 150%;} 15 | .main li{margin: 0 0 9px 0} 16 | 17 | h1,h2{ font-weight:normal; color: #333; font-family:Georgia, serif; } 18 | h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-weight: normal; color: #333; font-family:Georgia, serif; } 19 | 20 | hr {border-top: dotted 2px; margin-bottom:1.625em;} 21 | 22 | h1 { font-size: 3.125em; margin-bottom: 0.765em; line-height: 1; } 23 | h2 { font-size: 1.9em; margin-bottom: 0.855em; margin-top: 1em;} 24 | h3 { font-size: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.956em; margin-top: 1em;} 25 | h4 { font-size: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.161em; margin-top: 1em;} 26 | h5,h6 { font-size: 1.313em; margin-bottom: 1.238em; margin-top: 1em;} 27 | 28 | 29 | h1.title { 30 | font: 200 6em 'Tangerine', Helvetica, Sans-serif; 31 | color: #333; 32 | } 33 | h3.title { 34 | font: 200 3.5em 'Tangerine', Helvetica, Sans-serif; 35 | color: #333; 36 | } 37 | dl { margin: 0 0 1.625em 0; } 38 | dl dt { font-weight: bold; } 39 | dl dd { margin-left: 1.625em; } 40 | 41 | a { color:#005AF2; text-decoration:none; } 42 | a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } 43 | 44 | table { margin-bottom:1.625em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto} 45 | th { font-weight:bold; border: 1px solid black } 46 | tr,th,td { margin:0; padding:0 1.625em 0 1em; height:26px; border: 1px solid black} 47 | tfoot { font-style: italic; } 48 | figcaption { text-align:center; font-style: italic; } 49 | 50 | pre, code { margin: 1.625em 0; white-space: pre; } 51 | pre, code, tt { font: 1.225em monospace; line-height: 1.5; } 52 | 53 | img{ 54 | display: block; 55 | vertical-align: top; 56 | margin-bottom: 1cm; 57 | text-align: center; 58 | margin-left: auto; 59 | margin-right: auto 60 | } 61 | 62 | .main {margin:0 auto; width:750px;} 63 | 64 | #toindex { 65 | position: fixed; 66 | top: 10px; 67 | left: 0; 68 | width: 85px; 69 | padding: 12px 0; 70 | text-align: center; 71 | background: #00cc22; 72 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 73 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 74 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 75 | z-index: 99; 76 | color: white; 77 | font-weight: bold; 78 | } 79 | 80 | #toindex a{color:white;} 81 | 82 | #slideout_chapter { 83 | position: fixed; 84 | top: 135px; 85 | left: 0; 86 | width: 85px; 87 | padding: 12px 0; 88 | text-align: center; 89 | background: #99ccff; 90 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 91 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 92 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 93 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 94 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 95 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 96 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 97 | z-index: 99; 98 | color: white; 99 | font-weight: bold; 100 | } 101 | #slideout_inner_chapter { 102 | position: fixed; 103 | top: 135px; 104 | left: -450px; 105 | background: #FFFFFF; 106 | width: 400px; 107 | padding: 25px; 108 | height: 95%; 109 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 110 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 111 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 112 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 113 | text-align: left; 114 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 115 | -moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 116 | border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 117 | font:.8em "lucida grande","lucida sans unicode", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 118 | z-index: 99; 119 | color: black; 120 | font-weight: normal; 121 | } 122 | 123 | #slideout_chapter:hover { 124 | left: 450px; 125 | z-index: 99; 126 | } 127 | #slideout_chapter:hover #slideout_inner_chapter { 128 | left: 0; 129 | z-index: 99; 130 | } 131 | 132 | #slideout_general { 133 | position: fixed; 134 | top: 60px; 135 | left: 0; 136 | width: 85px; 137 | padding: 12px 0; 138 | text-align: center; 139 | background: #FFaa56; 140 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 141 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 142 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 143 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 144 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 145 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 146 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 147 | z-index: 100; 148 | color: white; 149 | font-weight: bold; 150 | } 151 | #slideout_inner_general { 152 | position: fixed; 153 | top: 60px; 154 | left: -450px; 155 | background: #FFaa56; 156 | width: 400px; 157 | padding: 25px; 158 | height: -moz-calc(100% - 85px); 159 | height: -webkit-calc(100% - 85px); 160 | height: -o-calc(100% - 85px); 161 | height: calc(100% - 85px); 162 | overflow:auto; 163 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 164 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 165 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 166 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 167 | text-align: left; 168 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 169 | -moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 170 | border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 171 | font:.8em "lucida grande","lucida sans unicode", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 172 | z-index: 100; 173 | color: black; 174 | font-weight: normal; 175 | } 176 | 177 | #slideout_general:hover { 178 | left: 450px; 179 | z-index: 100; 180 | } 181 | #slideout_general:hover #slideout_inner_general { 182 | left: 0; 183 | z-index: 100; 184 | } 185 | 186 | #background{ 187 | position:absolute; 188 | z-index:-200; 189 | background:white; 190 | display:block; 191 | min-height:50%; 192 | min-width:50%; 193 | color:yellow; 194 | } 195 | 196 | #bg-text 197 | { 198 | color:lightgrey; 199 | font-size:120px; 200 | transform:rotate(300deg); 201 | -webkit-transform:rotate(300deg); 202 | } 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padding: 0px; 6 | margin: 0px; } 7 | div.cover img { 8 | height: 100%; 9 | max-width: 100%; 10 | padding: 10px; 11 | margin: 0px; 12 | background-color: #cccccc; } 13 | 14 | 15 | .cover-img { 16 | height: 100%; 17 | max-width: 100%; 18 | padding: 0px; 19 | margin: 0px; } 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | img { 27 | border-radius: 0.3em; 28 | -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; 29 | -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0 1px 4px; 30 | box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0 1px 4px; 31 | box-sizing: border-box; 32 | 33 | } 34 | 35 | img.pwhack { 36 | /* Paperwhite hack */ 37 | width: 100%; } 38 | 39 | 40 | p img { 41 | border-radius: 0; 42 | border: none; } 43 | 44 | figure { 45 | /* These first 3 should center figures */ 46 | padding: 1em; 47 | background-color: #cccccc; 48 | border: 1px solid black; 49 | text-align: center; } 50 | figure figcaption { 51 | text-align: center; 52 | font-size: 0.8em; 53 | font-weight: bold; } 54 | 55 | table { 56 | /*width: 100% */ 57 | page-break-inside: avoid; 58 | border: 1px; 59 | /* centers on kf8 */ 60 | margin: 1em auto; 61 | border-collapse: collapse; 62 | border-spacing: 0; } 63 | 64 | th { 65 | font-variant: small-caps; 66 | padding: 5px !important; 67 | vertical-align: baseline; 68 | border-bottom: 1px solid black; } 69 | 70 | td { 71 | font-family: "Palatino", "Times New Roman", Caecilia, serif; 72 | font-size: small; 73 | hyphens: none; 74 | -moz-hyphens: none; 75 | -webkit-hyphens: none; 76 | padding: 5px !important; 77 | page-break-inside: avoid; 78 | text-align: left; 79 | text-indent: 0; 80 | vertical-align: baseline; } 81 | 82 | td:nth-last-child { 83 | border-bottom: 1px solid black; } 84 | 85 | .zebra { 86 | /* shade background by groups of three */ } 87 | .zebra tr th { 88 | background-color: white; } 89 | .zebra tr:nth-child(6n-1), .zebra tr:nth-child(6n+0), .zebra tr:nth-child(6n+1) { 90 | background-color: #cccccc; } 91 | 92 | sup { 93 | vertical-align: super; 94 | font-size: 0.5em; 95 | line-height: 0.5em; } 96 | 97 | sub { 98 | vertical-align: sub; 99 | font-size: 0.5em; 100 | line-height: 0.5em; } 101 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/es/html/book.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | html, body, div, span, object, iframe, 2 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, 3 | a, abbr, acronym, address, code, 4 | del, dfn, em, img, q, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, 5 | fieldset, form, label, legend, 6 | table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { 7 | margin: 0; 8 | padding: 0; 9 | border: 0; 10 | font-weight: inherit; 11 | font-style: inherit; 12 | font-size: 100%; 13 | font-family: inherit; 14 | vertical-align: baseline; 15 | } 16 | 17 | 18 | /* Tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup. */ 19 | table { border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; } 20 | caption, th, td { text-align: left; font-weight: normal; } 21 | table, td, th { vertical-align: middle; } 22 | 23 | /* Remove possible quote marks (") from ,
. */ 24 | blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ""; } 25 | blockquote, q { quotes: "" ""; } 26 | 27 | /* Remove annoying border on linked images. */ 28 | a img { border: none; } 29 | 30 | 31 | body { 32 | 33 | margin: 100px; 34 | } 35 | 36 | @import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans); 37 | body { font:1.05em "Open Sans", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 38 | font-size-adjust:none; 39 | font-style:normal; 40 | font-variant:normal; 41 | font-weight:normal; 42 | background: #FFFFFF; 43 | } 44 | 45 | p { padding:0 0 1em 0; line-height: 150%;} 46 | 47 | ul,ol{padding-left: 40px; line-height: 150%;} 48 | .main li{margin: 0 0 9px 0} 49 | 50 | h1,h2{ font-weight:normal; color: #333; font-family:Georgia, serif; } 51 | h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-weight: normal; color: #333; font-family:Georgia, serif; } 52 | 53 | hr {border-top: dotted 2px; margin-bottom:1.625em;} 54 | 55 | h1 { font-size: 3.125em; margin-bottom: 0.765em; line-height: 1; } 56 | h2 { font-size: 1.9em; margin-bottom: 0.855em; margin-top: 1em;} 57 | h3 { font-size: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.956em; margin-top: 1em;} 58 | h4 { font-size: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.161em; margin-top: 1em;} 59 | h5,h6 { font-size: 1.313em; margin-bottom: 1.238em; margin-top: 1em;} 60 | 61 | 62 | h1.title { 63 | font: 200 6em 'Tangerine', Helvetica, Sans-serif; 64 | color: #333; 65 | } 66 | h3.title { 67 | font: 200 3.5em 'Tangerine', Helvetica, Sans-serif; 68 | color: #333; 69 | } 70 | dl { margin: 0 0 1.625em 0; } 71 | dl dt { font-weight: bold; } 72 | dl dd { margin-left: 1.625em; } 73 | 74 | a { color:#005AF2; text-decoration:none; } 75 | a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } 76 | 77 | table { margin-bottom:1.625em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto} 78 | th { font-weight:bold; border: 1px solid black } 79 | tr,th,td { margin:0; padding:0 1.625em 0 1em; height:26px; border: 1px solid black} 80 | tfoot { font-style: italic; } 81 | figcaption { text-align:center; font-style: italic; } 82 | 83 | pre, code { margin: 1.625em 0; white-space: pre; } 84 | pre, code, tt { font: 1.225em monospace; line-height: 1.5; } 85 | 86 | img{ 87 | display: block; 88 | vertical-align: top; 89 | margin-bottom: 1cm; 90 | text-align: center; 91 | margin-left: auto; 92 | margin-right: auto 93 | } 94 | 95 | .main {margin:0 auto; width:750px;} 96 | 97 | #toindex { 98 | position: fixed; 99 | top: 10px; 100 | left: 0; 101 | width: 85px; 102 | padding: 12px 0; 103 | text-align: center; 104 | background: #00cc22; 105 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 106 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 107 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 108 | z-index: 99; 109 | color: white; 110 | font-weight: bold; 111 | } 112 | 113 | #toindex a{color:white;} 114 | 115 | #slideout_chapter { 116 | position: fixed; 117 | top: 135px; 118 | left: 0; 119 | width: 85px; 120 | padding: 12px 0; 121 | text-align: center; 122 | background: #99ccff; 123 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 124 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 125 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 126 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 127 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 128 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 129 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 130 | z-index: 99; 131 | color: white; 132 | font-weight: bold; 133 | } 134 | #slideout_inner_chapter { 135 | position: fixed; 136 | top: 135px; 137 | left: -450px; 138 | background: #FFFFFF; 139 | width: 400px; 140 | padding: 25px; 141 | height: 95%; 142 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 143 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 144 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 145 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 146 | text-align: left; 147 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 148 | -moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 149 | border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 150 | font:.8em "lucida grande","lucida sans unicode", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 151 | z-index: 99; 152 | color: black; 153 | font-weight: normal; 154 | } 155 | 156 | #slideout_chapter:hover { 157 | left: 450px; 158 | z-index: 99; 159 | } 160 | #slideout_chapter:hover #slideout_inner_chapter { 161 | left: 0; 162 | z-index: 99; 163 | } 164 | 165 | #slideout_general { 166 | position: fixed; 167 | top: 60px; 168 | left: 0; 169 | width: 85px; 170 | padding: 12px 0; 171 | text-align: center; 172 | background: #FFaa56; 173 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 174 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 175 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 176 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 177 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 178 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 179 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 180 | z-index: 100; 181 | color: white; 182 | font-weight: bold; 183 | } 184 | #slideout_inner_general { 185 | position: fixed; 186 | top: 60px; 187 | left: -450px; 188 | background: #FFaa56; 189 | width: 400px; 190 | padding: 25px; 191 | height: -moz-calc(100% - 85px); 192 | height: -webkit-calc(100% - 85px); 193 | height: -o-calc(100% - 85px); 194 | height: calc(100% - 85px); 195 | overflow:auto; 196 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 197 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 198 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 199 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 200 | text-align: left; 201 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 202 | -moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 203 | border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 204 | font:.8em "lucida grande","lucida sans unicode", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 205 | z-index: 100; 206 | color: black; 207 | font-weight: normal; 208 | } 209 | 210 | #slideout_general:hover { 211 | left: 450px; 212 | z-index: 100; 213 | } 214 | #slideout_general:hover #slideout_inner_general { 215 | left: 0; 216 | z-index: 100; 217 | } 218 | 219 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/es/html/generated_toc.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /** Generated TOC 2 | Stuart Langridge, July 2007 3 | 4 | Generate a table of contents, based on headings in the page. 5 | 6 | To place the TOC on the page, add 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | to the page where you want the TOC to appear. If this element 11 | is not present, the TOC will not appear. 12 | 13 | The TOC defaults to displaying all headings that are contained within 14 | the same element as it itself is contained in (or all headings on the 15 | page if you did not provide a generated-toc container). To override this, 16 | provide a "highest heading" value by adding class="generate_from_h3" 17 | (or h2, h4, etc) to the container. (If unspecified, this will display all 18 | headings, as if class="generate_from_h1" was specified.) 19 | 20 | The TOC defaults to operating only on headings contained within the same 21 | element as it itself, i.e., in a page like this: 22 | 23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |

foo

27 |

bar

28 |
29 |

quux

30 |
31 | 32 | The "quux" heading will not appear in the TOC. To override this, 33 | add class="generate_for_page" to the container, which will process 34 | all headings on the page wheresoever they may be. 35 | 36 | */ 37 | 38 | generated_toc = { 39 | generate: function() { 40 | // Identify our TOC element, and what it applies to 41 | generate_from = '2'; 42 | generate_for = 'unset'; 43 | tocparent = document.getElementById('generated-toc'); 44 | 45 | top_node = document.getElementById('chapter'); 46 | 47 | 48 | // If there isn't a specified header level to generate from, work 49 | // out what the first header level inside top_node is 50 | // and make that the specified header level 51 | if (generate_from == 0) { 52 | first_header_found = generated_toc.findFirstHeader(top_node); 53 | if (!first_header_found) { 54 | // there were no headers at all inside top_node! 55 | return; 56 | } else { 57 | generate_from = first_header_found.toLowerCase().substr(1); 58 | } 59 | } 60 | 61 | // add all levels of heading we're paying attention to to the 62 | // headings_to_treat dictionary, ready to be filled in later 63 | headings_to_treat = {"h6":''}; 64 | for (var i=5; i>= parseInt(generate_from); i--) { 65 | headings_to_treat["h" + i] = ''; 66 | } 67 | 68 | // get headings. We can't say 69 | // getElementsByTagName("h1" or "h2" or "h3"), etc, so get all 70 | // elements and filter them ourselves 71 | // need to use .all here because IE doesn't support gEBTN('*') 72 | nodes = top_node.all ? top_node.all : top_node.getElementsByTagName('*'); 73 | 74 | // put all the headings we care about in headings 75 | headings = []; 76 | for (var i=0; i cur_head_lvl) { 116 | // this heading is at a lower level than the last one; 117 | // create additional nested lists to put it at the right level 118 | 119 | // get the *last* LI in the current list, and add our new UL to it 120 | var last_listitem_el = null; 121 | for (var j=0; j]+>/g, ''); 177 | }, 178 | 179 | findFirstHeader: function(node) { 180 | // a recursive function which returns the first header it finds inside 181 | // node, or null if there are no functions inside node. 182 | var nn = node.nodeName.toLowerCase(); 183 | if (nn.match(/^h[1-6]$/)) { 184 | // this node is itself a header; return our name 185 | return nn; 186 | } else { 187 | for (var i=0; i 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
15 |
16 |

17 | Introducción
18 | a los
19 | Sistemas
20 | de
21 | Información Geográfica 22 |

23 | 24 |

Un libro libre de Víctor Olaya

25 | 26 |

27 | 28 |

Este es un libro libre sobre Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Es una versión resumida del libro Sistemas de Información Geográfica, pensada para aquellos que quieren tener una visión general del campo de los SIG, pero sin el nivel de detalle del texto original. Mientras que aquel está pensado como una obra de consulta, este está pensado como un texto de lectura.

29 | 30 |

Además de leerlo on-line, puedes comprar ejemplares impresos o descargarlo en formatos pdf o epub

31 | 32 |

Para cualquier comentario, puedes contactar con el autor.

33 | 34 |

Colaborar

35 | 36 |

Este libro es un proyecto abierto en el que puedes colaborar. El codigo fuente del texto y las imágenes los encontrarás en el repositorio GitHub . Si encuentras algun error puedes crear una nueva entrada en la lista de incidencias o simplemente enviar un correo electronico.

37 | 38 |

Para cualquier otro tipo de colaboración, no dudes en contactar por email.

39 | 40 |

Índice

41 | 42 |
60 |
61 | 62 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/es/html/reset.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | html, body, div, span, object, iframe, 2 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, 3 | a, abbr, acronym, address, code, 4 | del, dfn, em, img, q, dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, 5 | fieldset, form, label, legend, 6 | table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { 7 | margin: 0; 8 | padding: 0; 9 | border: 0; 10 | font-weight: inherit; 11 | font-style: inherit; 12 | font-size: 100%; 13 | font-family: inherit; 14 | vertical-align: baseline; 15 | } 16 | 17 | 18 | /* Tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup. */ 19 | table { border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; } 20 | caption, th, td { text-align: left; font-weight: normal; } 21 | table, td, th { vertical-align: middle; } 22 | 23 | /* Remove possible quote marks (") from ,
. */ 24 | blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ""; } 25 | blockquote, q { quotes: "" ""; } 26 | 27 | /* Remove annoying border on linked images. */ 28 | a img { border: none; } 29 | 30 | 31 | body { 32 | 33 | margin: 100px; 34 | } 35 | 36 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/es/html/separator.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/convert/es/html/separator.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/es/html/template.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/convert/es/html/template.html -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /convert/es/html/typography.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans); 2 | @import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:bold); 3 | body { font:1.05em "Open Sans", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 4 | font-size-adjust:none; 5 | font-style:normal; 6 | font-variant:normal; 7 | font-weight:normal; 8 | background: #FFFFFF; 9 | } 10 | 11 | b {font-weight: 200%;} 12 | p { padding:0 0 1em 0; line-height: 150%;} 13 | 14 | ul,ol{padding-left: 40px; line-height: 150%;} 15 | .main li{margin: 0 0 9px 0} 16 | 17 | h1,h2{ font-weight:normal; color: #333; font-family:Georgia, serif; } 18 | h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-weight: normal; color: #333; font-family:Georgia, serif; } 19 | 20 | hr {border-top: dotted 2px; margin-bottom:1.625em;} 21 | 22 | h1 { font-size: 3.125em; margin-bottom: 0.765em; line-height: 1; } 23 | h2 { font-size: 1.9em; margin-bottom: 0.855em; margin-top: 1em;} 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pre, code { margin: 1.625em 0; white-space: pre; } 51 | pre, code, tt { font: 1.225em monospace; line-height: 1.5; } 52 | 53 | img{ 54 | display: block; 55 | vertical-align: top; 56 | margin-bottom: 1cm; 57 | text-align: center; 58 | margin-left: auto; 59 | margin-right: auto 60 | } 61 | 62 | .main {margin:0 auto; width:750px;} 63 | 64 | #toindex { 65 | position: fixed; 66 | top: 10px; 67 | left: 0; 68 | width: 85px; 69 | padding: 12px 0; 70 | text-align: center; 71 | background: #00cc22; 72 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 73 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 74 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 75 | z-index: 99; 76 | color: white; 77 | font-weight: bold; 78 | } 79 | 80 | #toindex a{color:white;} 81 | 82 | #slideout_chapter { 83 | position: fixed; 84 | top: 135px; 85 | left: 0; 86 | width: 85px; 87 | padding: 12px 0; 88 | text-align: center; 89 | background: #99ccff; 90 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 91 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 92 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 93 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 94 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 95 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 96 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 97 | z-index: 99; 98 | color: white; 99 | font-weight: bold; 100 | } 101 | #slideout_inner_chapter { 102 | position: fixed; 103 | top: 135px; 104 | left: -450px; 105 | background: #FFFFFF; 106 | width: 400px; 107 | padding: 25px; 108 | height: 95%; 109 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 110 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 111 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 112 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 113 | text-align: left; 114 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 115 | -moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 116 | border-radius: 0 0 5px 0; 117 | font:.8em "lucida grande","lucida sans unicode", sans-serif; background-color:#FFFFFF; 118 | z-index: 99; 119 | color: black; 120 | font-weight: normal; 121 | } 122 | 123 | #slideout_chapter:hover { 124 | left: 450px; 125 | z-index: 99; 126 | } 127 | #slideout_chapter:hover #slideout_inner_chapter { 128 | left: 0; 129 | z-index: 99; 130 | } 131 | 132 | #slideout_general { 133 | position: fixed; 134 | top: 60px; 135 | left: 0; 136 | width: 85px; 137 | padding: 12px 0; 138 | text-align: center; 139 | background: #FFaa56; 140 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 141 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 142 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 143 | -o-transition-duration: 0.3s; 144 | -webkit-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 145 | -moz-border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 146 | border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; 147 | z-index: 100; 148 | color: white; 149 | font-weight: bold; 150 | } 151 | #slideout_inner_general { 152 | position: fixed; 153 | top: 60px; 154 | left: -450px; 155 | background: #FFaa56; 156 | width: 400px; 157 | padding: 25px; 158 | height: -moz-calc(100% - 85px); 159 | height: -webkit-calc(100% - 85px); 160 | height: -o-calc(100% - 85px); 161 | height: calc(100% - 85px); 162 | overflow:auto; 163 | -webkit-transition-duration: 0.3s; 164 | -moz-transition-duration: 0.3s; 165 | transition-duration: 0.3s; 166 | 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That is, it is information to which a geographical position can be assigned, and it is thus information that has some ancillary information related to its location. 7 | 8 | A \textbf{Geographical Information System} (GIS) is a tool to work with georeferenced information. In particular a GIS is a system that allows the following operations: 9 | 10 | \begin{itemize} 11 | \item \textbf{Reading, editing storing}, and, generally speaking, \textbf{ma\-na\-ging} spatial data. 12 | \item \textbf{Analyzing} those data. This includes everything from simple queries to complex models, which can be performed using the \textbf{spatial component} of the data (the location of each value or element), the \textbf{thematic component} of the data (the value or element itself), or both. 13 | \item Generating \textbf{documents} such as maps, reports, plots, etc. 14 | \end{itemize} 15 | 16 | 17 | GIS is a step beyond traditional maps. A map represents a rendering of a set of spatial data, and while this rendering has great importance within GIS, it is but one of its many components. GIS includes not only data and their rendering, but also all the operations that can be performed on them which are part of the system, also. 18 | 19 | GIS is a flexible and versatile tool and most disciplines today use GIS in one way or another. One of the main reasons for this is the integrative nature of GIS. The following are some of the main contexts in which GIS plays this integrative role. 20 | 21 | 22 | \begin{itemize} 23 | \item \textbf{GIS as a tool to integrate information}. A common link between most disciplines is that they study something which can be located. This allows for combining and getting results from a joint analysis. In this context, GIS provides the framework on which information from different disciplines can be added and we can work with it. 24 | \item \textbf{GIS as a tool to integrate technologies}. A large part of the technologies that have appeared in the last several years (and most likely those that will appear in the near future) are based on using spatial information and are connected to some extent to GIS to extend their capabilities and their reach. Due to its central position in this group of technologies, GIS plays an important role in linking them and allowing them to communicate around its own functionalities. 25 | \item \textbf{GIS as a tool to integrate technologies}. GIS functionalities cover a broad range of users, most of whom would not have such a well-defined framework if it were not for GIS itself. Consequently, there is better coordination among them. 26 | \item \textbf{GIS as a tool to integrate theoretical areas}. We can understand GIS as the sum of two disciplines: geography and computer science. However, a more detailed analysis reveals that GIS incorporates elements from many different scientific fields, such as those related to technology and data management (computer science, database design, digital image analysis), those that study the Earth from a physical point of view (geology, oceanography, ecology) or from a social and human one (anthropology, geography, sociology), those that study human behavior and understanding (psychology), or those that have themselves traditionally integrated knowledge from different fields, such as the already mentioned geography. 27 | 28 | The term \textbf{geomatics}, derived from \emph{geography} and \emph{informatics}, frequently refers to the array of scientific areas related to GIS. 29 | \end{itemize} 30 | 31 | Therefore, we see that GIS integrates technology, informatics, people and geographical information, of which the main purpose is to capture, analyze, store, edit and visualize georeferenced data. 32 | 33 | From a different point of view, a GIS can be considered as composed of five main elements: 34 | 35 | 36 | \begin{itemize} 37 | \item \textbf{Data}. Data is needed for the rest of the components to make sense and be able to serve a given purpose. Geographical information, the core of GIS, lives in the data, and a detailed knowledge of the data that we use, its quality, its origin, its characteristics, and how to manage and store it is paramount to correctly understand GIS itself. 38 | \item \textbf{Analysis}. Analysis is one of the main strengths of GIS, and one of the reasons why the first GIS were developed. Most GIS include analysis capabilities. They include methods that were already used with traditional cartography, others that existed but were not feasible to use without computers, and new approaches that were developed specifically after GIS appeared. 39 | \item \textbf{Visualization}. All types of information can be represented graphically which makes it easier to interpret it. In the particular case of geographical information, visualizing it is not only a different way of working with that information, but indeed the main one, since it is the one to which we are more accustomed. 40 | 41 | While maps are graphical entities, in GIS, we work with raw alphanumeric data. In order to have the same capabilities of a printed map, GIS must be able to create visual representations from that data, including map-like ones. The same cartographic principles that apply when designing a printed map are also valid when rendering geographic data within GIS, and GIS users must be familiar with them. 42 | \item \textbf{Technology}. This includes both the GIS software and the hardware that runs it. Additional elements that are common when working with GIS data, such as peripherals used for entering data or for creating printed cartography, are included here. 43 | \item \textbf{Organization.} This includes the elements that ensure a proper coordination between people, data and technology. As GIS gets more complex, managing the relations among its elements becomes more important. 44 | \end{itemize} 45 | 46 | In the following chapters, we will describe these elements in detail. 47 | 48 | \pagestyle{empty} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /latex/en/Software/How_internet_works.pdf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/latex/en/Software/How_internet_works.pdf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /latex/en/Software/Interoperable.pdf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/latex/en/Software/Interoperable.pdf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /latex/en/Software/Map_series.png: 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During that time I learned a few interesting things about him. Like how he works at such a rapid pace that if you blink you might find that he's written a new plugin for QGIS or even that he's written a book like this one. Aside from these great qualities, the thing I most remember about him is that he helped direct me to the last packet of hot chocolate in the office kitchen, after a day full of meetings when I needed it the most. It's helpful things like that which make a difference to people. And in this book you will find so many helpful things, akin to that hot chocolate but for Geographic Information Systems (GIS), organized in a thoughtful manner which will help you get through that sometimes-long GIS slog. 4 | 5 | 6 | This book is an excellent reference text regarding the history and basics of GIS. It includes clear examples of concepts illustrating choices the geospatial professional must make in design and layout and how those choices affect a map product. The reader can literally see how decisions about line, color, shape, and other qualities will render a map that is the most useful and the most aesthetic. It also includes important information about the various ways in which GIS data is obtained, how it is stored, and a great overview of GIS software. 7 | 8 | The book begins with the history of GIS and proceeds into sections that discuss and define such topics as spatial analysis, data visualization, web mapping and data sources, among many others. I envision the book being used as a teaching tool, both in a formal setting and for self-learners. Additionally, for more experienced geospatial professionals, this book can be used in the initial ideation phase of creating a map, reminding us of the elements we need to consider and prioritize to meet the objectives for a particular map or analysis. It is really a digital pocket guide to GIS. 9 | 10 | Victor is generously making his book available to all, free, for users. Knowing the hours of work that go into any book, I appreciate his attitude of community and contribution to the field of GIS. Learning and continually revisiting the fundamentals is paramount for success in our field. So pour yourself a good cup of hot chocolate and get started. 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | \begin{flushright} 15 | \textsc{Gretchen Peterson}\\ 16 | Co-author of QGIS Map Design 17 | \end{flushright} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /latex/en/gisbook.tex: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/volaya/gis-book/c747cde0c925bbc3bb6ebcad1c412c21d8fc26a8/latex/en/gisbook.tex -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /latex/en/prologue.tex: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | \chapter*{Prologue} 2 | 3 | \vspace{-1cm} 4 | 5 | When in 2005 I started writing my book ``Sistemas de Informaci\'{o}n Geogr\'{a}fica'', I did it for two reasons: first, because no books on GIS theory had been published in Spanish since the early 90's; second, because there were no free books about GIS, except those related to free GIS software, which included little theoretical content. 6 | 7 | It took me five years to write the book, which ended up being a complete reference book with almost a thousand pages. Knowing that its size and its level of detail could be intimidating, and that many people would prefer a shorter version, in 2015, I wrote ``Introducci\'{o}n a los SIG''. The book you are reading now is the English translation of that shorter work. 8 | 9 | Unlike what happens in Spanish, there are many good books on GIS theory written in English, and new editions are published constantly to update them with the latest changes in the field of GIS. However, no free book (that is, no book that can be freely copied, printed and distributed) on this topic had been published yet. 10 | 11 | I believe this book will be of great use for current GIS users and for anyone wanting to start in this fascinating field of GIS. 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