├── .gitignore ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── lulc_py.ipynb └── materials ├── rasters ├── s2image.tfw ├── s2image.tif ├── s2image.tif.aux.xml ├── s2image.tif.ovr └── s2image.tif.xml ├── results ├── lulc_DT.tif ├── lulc_DT.tif.aux.xml ├── lulc_DT.tif.vat.cpg ├── lulc_DT.tif.vat.dbf ├── lulc_RF.tif ├── lulc_RF.tif.aux.xml ├── lulc_RF.tif.vat.cpg ├── lulc_RF.tif.vat.dbf ├── lulc_SVM.tif ├── lulc_SVM.tif.aux.xml ├── lulc_SVM.tif.vat.cpg └── lulc_SVM.tif.vat.dbf ├── shapefiles ├── aoi_boundary.cpg ├── aoi_boundary.dbf ├── aoi_boundary.prj ├── aoi_boundary.sbn ├── aoi_boundary.sbx ├── aoi_boundary.shp ├── aoi_boundary.shp.xml ├── aoi_boundary.shx ├── samples.cpg ├── samples.dbf ├── samples.prj ├── samples.sbn ├── samples.sbx ├── samples.shp ├── samples.shp.xml └── samples.shx └── temp ├── temp_y_points.cpg ├── temp_y_points.dbf ├── temp_y_points.prj ├── temp_y_points.shp └── temp_y_points.shx /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Prerequisites 2 | *.d 3 | 4 | # Compiled Object files 5 | *.slo 6 | *.lo 7 | *.o 8 | *.obj 9 | 10 | # Precompiled Headers 11 | *.gch 12 | *.pch 13 | 14 | # Compiled Dynamic libraries 15 | *.so 16 | *.dylib 17 | *.dll 18 | 19 | # Fortran module files 20 | *.mod 21 | *.smod 22 | 23 | # Compiled Static libraries 24 | *.lai 25 | *.la 26 | *.a 27 | *.lib 28 | 29 | # Executables 30 | *.exe 31 | *.out 32 | *.app 33 | 34 | # ignoring working folders 35 | arcgis/ 36 | data/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | MIT License 2 | 3 | Copyright (c) 2023 Mirza Waleed 4 | 5 | Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy 6 | of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal 7 | in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights 8 | to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell 9 | copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is 10 | furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: 11 | 12 | The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 13 | copies or substantial portions of the Software. 14 | 15 | THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 16 | IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 17 | FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 18 | AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 19 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 20 | OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 21 | SOFTWARE. 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Mastering Machine Learning based Land Use Classification with Python: A Comprehensive Guide 2 | 3 | ## 4 | Blog Link: https://medium.com/@waleedgeo/lulc-py-78cb954673d 5 | 6 | [![alt text](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*8-rPe8vbjjbm1lhuhcn3Dw.png)](https://medium.com/@waleedgeo/lulc-py-78cb954673d) 7 | 8 | 9 | This repository contains the code and data used for the blog post "Mastering Machine Learning based Land Use Classification with Python: A Comprehensive Guide". 10 | 11 | In this blog post, we explore the world of machine learning based land use classification using Python. We take a deep dive into advanced techniques and algorithms for accurate land use classification. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced data scientist, this comprehensive guide will equip you with the tools and knowledge needed to master land use classification and transform the way you analyze and manage land resources. 12 | 13 | ## Contents 14 | 15 | - The materials directory contains the input rasters (rasters) and labels (shapefiles) used in this blog. 16 | - lulc_py.ipynb Jupyter Notebook is the main working file for the land use classification. It contains the code for the land use classification using machine learning algorithms. 17 | 18 | ## Requirements 19 | 20 | - Python 3.6 or later 21 | - Required Python packages: pandas, numpy, scikit-learn, matplotlib, seaborn, rasterio 22 | 23 | ## Usage 24 | 1. Clone the repository using git clone https://github.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py.git 25 | 2. Navigate to the code directory and run the lulc_py.ipynb Jupyter Notebook using any IDE of your choice. The notebook contains the code for land use classification using machine learning algorithms. 26 | 3. The results of the land use classification will be saved in the materials/results directory. 27 | 28 | ## Contributions 29 | Contributions to this repository are welcome. If you find any bugs or have suggestions for improvements, feel free to submit an issue or pull request. 30 | 31 | land-cover-classification -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/rasters/s2image.tfw: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 9.9891069463 2 | 0.0000000000 3 | 0.0000000000 4 | -9.9857852217 5 | 15602213.2105534710 6 | 4286708.8897073921 7 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/rasters/s2image.tif: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/rasters/s2image.tif -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/rasters/s2image.tif.aux.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | Generic 4 | 5 | 6 | Band_1 7 | 8 | 9 | 0.006550000049173832 10 | 0.8248000144958496 11 | 256 12 | 1 13 | 0 14 | 266|1948|4793|6119|7391|9286|20950|9773|8186|9649|13211|13194|14506|15820|16295|15870|15779|15270|13175|12052|11008|9279|8317|6861|6064|5347|4388|3816|3514|2758|2404|1959|1678|1402|1188|1007|1050|780|674|682|570|564|435|457|385|338|316|339|243|250|238|213|217|198|134|160|135|155|100|79|111|90|118|94|105|89|101|46|61|77|64|61|53|56|53|54|30|50|43|47|44|29|36|33|25|24|34|19|18|16|8|11|21|13|16|16|11|17|13|10|13|4|6|8|6|12|11|8|8|6|1|7|0|16|6|2|5|1|1|6|4|7|0|3|2|3|0|4|5|0|6|6|1|6|3|1|1|0|1|0|2|3|1|0|5|1|1|3|0|0|2|0|6|1|1|2|4|0|6|0|1|2|0|0|2|1|0|0|0|1|0|2|0|3|2|1|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|5|0|0|0|0|4|0|1|4|0|1|1|0|1|3|0|2|3|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|1 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Band_1 19 | ATHEMATIC 20 | 0.001111099033231069,0.001099443446163643,0.001221869785195416,0.0008295125258464881 21 | 22 | 0.82480001449585 23 | 0.05897926839333 24 | 0.054682 25 | 0.0065500000491738 26 | 1 27 | 1 28 | 0.03333315216464 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | Band_2 33 | 34 | 35 | 0.007600000128149986 36 | 0.8327999711036682 37 | 256 38 | 1 39 | 0 40 | 107|542|1172|2021|3290|4578|5045|5438|5792|7193|13242|17987|9305|11050|13300|13679|14527|14350|14781|15430|14325|13993|13533|12301|10784|9564|7940|7117|5774|4896|4249|3357|2871|2650|2075|1693|1417|1310|1146|1027|932|739|744|645|663|524|420|439|371|407|300|296|257|282|226|220|168|170|169|128|144|142|98|137|93|96|85|96|91|81|73|67|65|49|61|43|52|47|48|19|46|36|28|31|38|28|28|19|23|26|21|24|13|19|19|14|8|7|21|12|9|20|12|15|15|12|10|3|6|10|11|2|9|7|11|3|6|7|4|4|2|5|3|4|7|4|3|4|2|3|7|1|1|3|2|0|1|3|1|3|1|1|2|1|1|0|1|0|3|0|0|0|1|1|0|0|1|0|4|10|1|1|0|0|4|4|0|0|0|1|2|2|4|1|0|1|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|1|0|1|0|0|4|2|0|0|0|1|1|0|1|2|2|0|2|4|0|0|4|0|1|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|0|0|1|1|0|0|0|1 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | Band_2 45 | ATHEMATIC 46 | 0.001099443446163643,0.001151566194904263,0.001305061029486013,0.001052540132336905 47 | 48 | 0.83279997110367 49 | 0.071601912354847 50 | 0.065849 51 | 0.00760000012815 52 | 1 53 | 1 54 | 0.033934734342621 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | Band_3 59 | 60 | 61 | 0.007000000216066837 62 | 0.88919997215271 63 | 256 64 | 1 65 | 0 66 | 83|481|1334|2608|12105|13936|6875|5003|5439|6718|4879|5006|5307|6205|7039|8048|9428|9965|10758|11494|12738|12840|12318|13121|12802|12758|12164|10483|9710|8669|8311|6547|5577|4804|3769|3111|2914|2304|1852|1457|1487|1151|1064|1063|820|690|584|653|578|468|442|379|370|360|284|262|246|292|202|212|217|226|202|178|115|119|86|135|95|95|86|72|107|77|39|55|42|54|34|29|33|53|28|30|30|22|21|25|15|20|22|17|19|10|14|8|10|17|5|10|17|6|15|8|10|8|12|15|8|5|9|7|6|6|4|4|6|3|0|10|2|2|6|4|1|4|1|6|0|1|0|1|0|4|0|3|2|1|2|6|1|0|0|1|0|0|0|2|0|1|5|3|0|0|4|0|2|0|1|0|1|0|1|0|0|1|0|5|0|2|0|2|5|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|4|0|2|1|0|0|2|0|2|0|1|1|5|1|0|2|0|0|0|2|2|1|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|2|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|0|2|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | Band_3 71 | ATHEMATIC 72 | 0.001221869785195416,0.001305061029486013,0.001646502321786149,0.001567009209931371 73 | 74 | 0.88919997215271 75 | 0.081761908909364 76 | 0.079652 77 | 0.0070000002160668 78 | 1 79 | 1 80 | 0.040577115740108 81 | 82 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0.0008295125258464881,0.001052540132336905,0.001567009209931371,0.00479705356263787 99 | 100 | 0.91560000181198 101 | 0.15100120060114 102 | 0.147402 103 | 0.0087000001221895 104 | 1 105 | 1 106 | 0.069260764958509 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/rasters/s2image.tif.ovr: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/rasters/s2image.tif.ovr -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/rasters/s2image.tif.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 20230415170548001.0FALSEs2image.tiffile://C:\Users\walee\Desktop\github\lulc-py\materials\rasters\s2image.tifLocal Area Network00215602208.21600015609829.9046004282659.6538004286713.8826001ProjectedGCS_WGS_1984Linear Unit: Meter 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point3.4e+38Clip s2_img.tif "15602208.216 4282659.6538 15609829.9046 4286713.8826" C:\Users\walee\Desktop\github\lulc-py\materials\rasters\s2image.tif aoi 3.4e+38 ClippingGeometry NO_MAINTAIN_EXTENT20230415170548002023041517054800Microsoft Windows 10 Version 10.0 (Build 22621) ; Esri ArcGIS 13.1.0.41833s2image.tif1140.157021140.22548836.08177836.052209Raster DatasetdatasetEPSG9.8.8(9.3.0.0)21015602208.216000 4282659.65380015602208.216000 4286713.88260015609829.904600 4286713.88260015609829.904600 4282659.65380015606019.060300 4284686.7682007639.9891074069.985785Band_10.8248000.00655032Band_20.8328000.00760032Band_30.8892000.00700032Band_40.9156000.0087003220230415 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_DT.tif: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/results/lulc_DT.tif -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_DT.tif.aux.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | -0.5 6 | 4.5 7 | 5 8 | 1 9 | 0 10 | 0|27442|79904|27709|174723 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 1.159694823872015 15 | 16 | 4 17 | 3.1289149003479 18 | 4.000000 19 | 1 20 | 1 21 | 1 22 | 1.0768912776469 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_DT.tif.vat.cpg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | UTF-8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_DT.tif.vat.dbf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | {aValueN 2 | CountF 1 2.74420000000e+04 2 7.99040000000e+04 3 2.77090000000e+04 4 1.74723000000e+05 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_RF.tif: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/results/lulc_RF.tif -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_RF.tif.aux.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | -0.5 6 | 4.5 7 | 5 8 | 1 9 | 0 10 | 0|29285|79982|22496|178015 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 1.194761909203855 15 | 16 | 4 17 | 3.1273912285572 18 | 4.000000 19 | 1 20 | 1 21 | 1 22 | 1.0930516498336 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_RF.tif.vat.cpg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | UTF-8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_RF.tif.vat.dbf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | {aValueN 2 | CountF 1 2.92850000000e+04 2 7.99820000000e+04 3 2.24960000000e+04 4 1.78015000000e+05 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_SVM.tif: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/results/lulc_SVM.tif -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_SVM.tif.aux.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | -0.5 6 | 4.5 7 | 5 8 | 1 9 | 0 10 | 0|31125|65966|39164|173523 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 1.153612319477004 15 | 16 | 4 17 | 3.1462563513226 18 | 4.000000 19 | 1 20 | 1 21 | 1 22 | 1.0740634615687 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_SVM.tif.vat.cpg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | UTF-8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/results/lulc_SVM.tif.vat.dbf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | {aValueN 2 | CountF 1 3.11250000000e+04 2 6.59660000000e+04 3 3.91640000000e+04 4 1.73523000000e+05 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.cpg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | UTF-8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.dbf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | {a'Shape_LengF Shape_AreaF 2.32106919742e+04 3.04500292189e+07 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.prj: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | PROJCS["WGS_1984_World_Mercator",GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Mercator"],PARAMETER["False_Easting",0.0],PARAMETER["False_Northing",0.0],PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0.0],PARAMETER["Standard_Parallel_1",0.0],UNIT["Meter",1.0]] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.sbn: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.sbn -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.sbx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.sbx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.shp: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/waleedgeo/lulc_py/f7005e7269e38d61abc89129fc9ceb7b4e2ca71a/materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.shp -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /materials/shapefiles/aoi_boundary.shp.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 20230415170152001.0FALSECreateFeatureclass C:\Users\walee\Desktop\github\lulc-py\arcgis\lulc_py.gdb aoi Polygon # No Yes "PROJCS["WGS_1984_World_Mercator",GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Mercator"],PARAMETER["False_Easting",0.0],PARAMETER["False_Northing",0.0],PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0.0],PARAMETER["Standard_Parallel_1",0.0],UNIT["Meter",1.0]];-20037700 -30198300 10000;-100000 10000;-100000 10000;0.001;0.001;0.001;IsHighPrecision" # # # # aoiUpdateSchema C:\Users\walee\Desktop\github\lulc-py\arcgis\lulc_py.gdb\aoi <operationSequence><workflow><AlterField><field_name>OBJECTID</field_name><field_alias>OBJECTID</field_alias></AlterField></workflow><workflow><AlterField><field_name>SHAPE</field_name><field_alias>SHAPE</field_alias></AlterField></workflow></operationSequence>ExportFeatures aoi C:\Users\walee\Desktop\github\lulc-py\materials\shapefiles\aoi_boundary.shp # NOT_USE_ALIAS "Shape_Length "Shape_Length" false true true 8 Double 0 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