├── .vscode
    └── settings.json
├── README.md
├── listening
    ├── 古希腊历史 yale
    │   ├── 1.introduction.md
    │   ├── 10.Athens.md
    │   ├── 11.the Persian war.md
    │   ├── 2.the dark ages.md
    │   ├── 3.dark ages and Homer.md
    │   ├── 4.heroic ethic.md
    │   ├── 5.expansion of polis.md
    │   ├── 6.military--hoplite phalanx .md
    │   ├── 7.colony.md
    │   ├── 8.greek tyranny.md
    │   └── 9.spartar.md
    └── 金融新闻
    │   ├── 1021-金融90.md
    │   ├── 1025-金融88.md
    │   ├── 1029-bussiness86.md
    │   ├── 1031-bussiness83.md
    │   ├── 1101-金融91 82.md
    │   └── 1105-新闻81.md
├── speaking
    ├── 1.intro to idioms and phrasal verbs
    │   └── 1.1I can understand idioms.md
    ├── Oxford Word Skills  ... by Ruth Gairns  Stuart ... (z-lib.or.pdf
    └── readme.md
├── words.md
└── writing
    ├── 10
        ├── TEST1
        │   ├── 1.png
        │   ├── 2.png
        │   ├── ans1.png
        │   └── ans2.png
        ├── TEST2
        │   ├── 1.png
        │   ├── 2.png
        │   ├── ans1.png
        │   └── ans2.png
        ├── TEST3
        │   ├── 1.png
        │   ├── 2.png
        │   ├── ans1.png
        │   └── ans2.png
        ├── TEST4
        │   ├── 1.png
        │   ├── 2.png
        │   ├── ans1.png
        │   └── ans2.png
        ├── TESTA
        │   ├── 1.png
        │   ├── 2.png
        │   ├── ans1.png
        │   └── ans2.png
        ├── TESTB
        │   ├── 1.png
        │   ├── 2.png
        │   ├── ans1.png
        │   └── ans2.png
        └── volum10.md
    ├── write&improve
        ├── 1.An email.md
        ├── 2.general trianing.md
        ├── c15test1.md
        ├── c15test2.md
        ├── c15test4.md
        ├── c16test1.md
        ├── c16test2.md
        └── readme.md
    └── 十天突破写作13版
        ├── exercise.md
        └── readme.md


/.vscode/settings.json:
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1 | {
2 |     "cSpell.words": [
3 |         "comparision"
4 |     ]
5 | }


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/README.md:
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 1 | # 考试形式
 2 | ## 口语：12分钟左右。
 3 | 考试采用一对一的面试形式，考察考生日常会话、对熟悉话题作一定长度的描述以及与考官之间的互动能力。
 4 | Part 1：一般3.5分钟
 5 | Part 2：一般3.5分钟，半分钟念考题，1分钟准备，1-2分钟作答
 6 | Part 3：一般5分钟。Part II考完马上进入Part 3，考官可能会问你6-8个问题
 7 | ## 听力：30分钟听4段录音，每段10道题，共40道题，难度递增。
 8 | 前3段录音分两次听完，段内（第1-3篇）会给两次读题的机会（没仔细算过，可能是30秒左右），一段听完会有30秒时间检查答案。录音只听一遍。全部4段听完有10分钟抄答案，听力共40分钟
 9 | ## 阅读：60分钟读3篇文章，共40道题（14+13+13），难度递增。
10 | 培训类阅读：考试的文章以英语国家日常生活素材为基础，可能从报纸、广告、说明书及书籍中摘取，考察考生对信息的理解及运用的能力。试题包括一篇较长的描述性、而非论证性的文章。
11 | ## 培训类写作：60分钟写2篇文章，一篇小作文（20分钟，>150词）和一篇大作文（40分钟，>250词）
12 | 小作文要求考生写信，询问信息或解释一种情况；
13 | 大作文要求考生根据所给出问题或观点写一篇大约250字的短文，考生要求能够使用恰当的语气和语域（包括词汇、语法等）表达自己的观点，并反驳其他观点。
14 | 
15 | ## 综合类的资料网站
16 | [markteacher](https://markteacher.com/)
17 | 
18 | [ielts-up](https://ielts-up.com/reading/ielts-reading-test.html)
19 | 
20 | 
21 | ## 词汇 
22 | [在这个](./word.md)
23 | 另外在utools里安装单词插件 边打字边背单词 
24 | 插件名: 英语单词肌肉打字记忆训练 
25 | 插件改动源自：https://github.com/Kaiyiwing/qwerty-learner
26 | 
27 | 打字
28 | https://www.typelit.io/
29 | 名著
30 | 
31 | ## 口语
32 | oxford word skills -- 60个短单元 适合分散的看
33 | 
34 | ## 写作
35 | Write & Improvement是由剑桥大学开发开发的一款免费提高英语写作水平工具，供英语学习者练习他们的书面英语，提交写作结果几秒钟后将获得与国际标准CEFR相关联的结果，自动反馈你的写作可能需要改进的地方，帮助每一位学者提高英语写作水平，使用无需注册，支持初学者、中级和高级等不同英语写作水平的用户。
36 | 
37 | https://writeandimprove.com/
38 | 
39 | ---
40 | 
41 | https://www.tutorai.me/
42 | 输入ielts
43 | 


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/listening/古希腊历史 yale/1.introduction.md:
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 1 | the reason to study ancient greek culture is terribly interesting, but this answer is opposite of objective.
 2 | the position of the ancient geeks are at the most significant starting point of the Western civilization. 处于最重要的起点
 3 | which is the culture that most powerfully shapes not only the west but most of the world today.
 4 | 
 5 | it seems to me to be evident, that what ever it's other characteristics, the West has created institutions of government and law that provide unprecedented freedom for it's people.
 6 | 
 7 | it has also invented a body of scientific knowledge and technological achievement that together make possible a level of health and material prosperity undreamed of in earlier times.
 8 | 
 9 | Moreover, experience suggests that a society  cannot achieve the full benefits of western science and technology without a commitment to reason and objectivity as essential to knowledge and to the political freedom that sustain it and help it to move forward. 
10 | 
11 | The primacy of reason and the pursuit of objectivity, therefore, both characteristics of the western experience seem to me to be essential for the achievement of desired goals almost anywhere in the world.
12 | 
13 | The civilization of the West, however, was not the result of some inevitable process through which other cultures will automatically pass. It emerged from a unique history in which chance and accidence often play vital part. 
14 | 
15 | The institution and ideas therefore, that improve for freedom and improvement in the material conditions of life can not take root and  flourish without an understanding of how they came about and what challenges they have had to surmount.
16 | 
17 | The many civilization adopted by the human race have shared basic characteristics. Most have tended cultural uniformity and stability.
18 | Reason, although it was employed for all sorts of practical and intellectual purposes in some of these cultures, still lacked independence from religion and it lacked high status to challenge the most basic received ideas.
19 | 
20 | Standard form of government has been monarchy. Outside the west, republics have been unknown. Rulers have been thought to be divine, or the appointed spokesman for divinity. Religious and political institutions and beliefs have been thoroughly intertwined as a mutually supportive unified structure.
21 | 
22 | secular:世俗的 非宗教的
23 | Government has not been subjective to secular reasoned analysis. It is rested on religious authority, tradition, and power. 
24 | The concept of individual freedom has had no importance in the great majority of cultures in human history.
25 | 
26 | The first and the sharpest break with this common human experience came in ancient Greece. The Greek city states called polis or republics. Differences in wealth among their citizens were relatively small. There were no kings with the wealth to hire mercenary soldiers so the citizens have to do their own fighting and to decide when to fight. As independent defenders of the common safety and the common interest, the demanded a role in the most important political decisions. In this way, for the first time, political life really was invented. Observe the word "political" derives from the Greek word polis. Before that no word was needed because there was no such thing. 
27 | 
28 | This political life came to be shared by a large proportion of people and participation of political life was highly valued by the ancient Greeks. Such state, of course, does not need a bureaucracy for there were no vast royal or state holdings that need management and not much economic surplus to support a bureaucratic class. There was no separated caste of priests.[casted 种姓 社会地位 社会团体] and very little concern, I don't mean no concern, but very little concern with life after death which was universally important in other civilizations. 
29 | 
30 | In this varied, dynamic, secular, and remarkably free context, there arose for the first time a speculative natural philosophy based on observation and reason. The root of modern science and technology, free to investigate or to ignore divinity.
31 | 
32 | What sets the greeks apart is their view of the world. Where other people have seen sameness and continuity, the greeks and the heirs of their way of thinking have tended to notice disjunctions and to make distinctions. The Greek way of looking at the things requires a change from the characteristic way of knowing the things before the greeks, that is to say, the use of faith, poetry and intuition. The greeks increasingly reliance on reason. 
33 | Reason permits a continuing rational inquiring into the nature of reality. Unlike mystical insights, scientific theories cannot be arrived by meditation alone. But require accurate observation of the world and reasoning in a kind that other human being can criticize, analyze, modify and correct. 
34 | enthronement 登基 开端
35 | The adoption of this way of thinking was the beginning of the libration and enthronement of reason to who's searching for examination. The greeks thereafter(之后), exposed everything they perceived(认为感觉注意到意识到), natural, human and divine. 
36 | 
37 | From the time they were conquered by alien empires, the Greeks also rejected monarchy of any kind. They thought a human being functioning in his full capacity must live as a free man live in a autonomous polios ruled by laws that were the product of the political community.
38 | Not from an arbitrary fiat() from some man or god. These are ideas about laws and justice that have simply not flourished outside of the Western tradition.  
39 | 
40 | The greeks however combined the unique sense of mankind's high place in the natural order. They combined it with the painful understanding of the limitations of the greatness and the possibilities before man. This combination of the greatness in reality and the possibility of human beings with limitations of it, one great limitation being mortality(mortal 凡人的 mortality 死亡率 终有一死), that together composes() the tragic vision of human condition that characterized in classic Greek civilization. To cope with it, they urged human beings to restrain their overarching(首要的) ambitions. Inscribed at Apollo's temple in Delphi, "know thyselves"  and other statement, "nothing in excess(多余)". 
41 | I think those together really mean this: know your own limitations as a fallible(易犯错误的) mortal, and then exercise moderation(适度) because you are not divine, you are mortal.
42 | 
43 | Beyond these exhortations(劝勉), they relied on a good political regime(政权) to enable human beings to fullfil the capacities that was part of their nature. To train them in virtue, and to restrain them from vice(v握住n恶习小的adj副的)
44 | 
45 | Aristotle, and his politics made the point neatly and I quote him. "As man is the best of the animals when perfected, so he is the worst, when separated from law and justice. For injustice is the most dangerous when it's armed, and man armed by nature with good sense and virtue, may use them for entirely opposite ends. Therefore, when he is without virtue, man is the most unscrupulous(肆无忌惮的) and savage of the animals". Aristotle went on to say that the justice needed to control the dark side of human nature. this can be found only in a well-ordered society of free people who govern themselves and the only one he knew was the polis of Greece.
46 | 
47 | Now the second great strand(主线) in the history of the West is the Judeo Christian tradition, a very different tradition from the one that I just described. Christianity main roots were in Judaism, a religion worshipped a single all powerful deity(), who is sharply separated from the human beings, makes great moral demands upon them, and judges them all, even kings and emperors. Christianity began as a persecuted religion that ultimately captured the Roman Empire only after centuries of hostility towards the secular state in general. It never lost entirely its original character as an insurgent(叛乱的 起义) movement, independent to the state and hostile to it, making claims that challenge the secular society. This too, is unique to the West, just like the Greek is unique, this kind of religious organization is to be found nowhere else in human society. 
48 | So, the union of a universalist religion with a monarch such as the Roman empire, could nonetheless put an end to any prospect of freedom as in other civilizations. But Christianity's inheritance of the rational disputatious greek philosophy lead to powerfully divisive(分裂的) quarrels about the nature of god and other theological questions, which was perfectly in the tradition and uniquely in the tradition of  greek philosophical debate.
49 | 
50 | Well the people who the Romans called barbarians, destroyed the Roman Empire and also destroyed the power of the emperors and their efforts to impose religious and political conformity under imperial(帝国) control. The emperors in the East would do that because they were not conquered by the barbarians, but in the West, you have a situation that nobody is fully in charge. And here we have the second sharp break with the general experience of mankind.
51 | The West of Germanic tribes that has toppled Roman Empire was weak and was divided. The barrier of unity presented by the European geography and very limited technology made it hard for a would-be conqueror to create a vast empire eliminating competitors and imposting(强制实施 壮观的) his will over vast areas. These conditions permitted a development of institutions and habits needed for freedom, even as they also made Europe vulnerable to conquests(征服 占领) and to extinction, in fact Europe was almost extinguished practically before there was a Europe, very early in its history. The Christian church might have stepped into the breach(n.v.违反) and imposed obedience(服从) and uniformity, because before terribly long all of the West had been Christianized. But the church, in fact, never gained enough power to control a state. Strong enough to interfere with the ambitious of emperors and kings, it never was able to impose its domination, though some of the Popes sure tried. 
52 | 
53 | Nobody thought of planned for freedom, but in the spaces that were left by the endless conflicts among the secular ruler and between them and the church, there was room for freedom to grow. Freedom was a kind of an accident that came about because the usual ways of doing things were not possible. Into some of that cities, towns and cities reappeared and with them new support of freedom. Taking advantage of the rivalries that I mentioned they obtained charters from the local powers establishing their rights to conduct their own affairs to govern themselves. In Italy, some of the cities were able to gain control of the surrounding country and become city states, resembling those of the ancient Greeks. Their autonomy was assisted by the continuing struggle between Pope and emperors, between church and states, again a thoroughly unique Western experience.
54 | 
55 | In these states, the modern world began to take form. Although the people were mainly Christians, their life and outlook became increasingly secular. Here, not in Italy but in other cities north the Alps, arose a worldview that celebrated the greatness and dignity of mankind which was a very sharp turning away from the medieval Western tradition that put God and life in the hereafter at the center of everything. 
56 | This new vision was revealed with flamboyant(艳丽的 凤凰木) confidence by Pico della Mirandola, a Florentine thinker who wrote the following:"God told man that we, meaning God, have made the neither of Heaven nor of Earth, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder(腐烂) of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape thou shalt prefer. To Him it is granted to have whatever He chooses and to be whatever He wills." This is a remarkable leap, even beyond the humanism Greeks, something brand new in the world.
57 | According to this view, man is not merely a measure of all things as the Greek Sophies Protagoras had radically(从根本上) proclaimed(宣告) in the 5th century. He is in fact says Pico, more than mortal, he is unlimited by nature. He is entirely free to shape himself and to acquire what ever he wants. Please observe too that it is not only his reason that will determine human actions but his will alone, free of the moderating control of reason.
58 | 
59 | Another Florentine, Machiavelli, moved further into the same direction. For him and I quote him, for him "Fortune is a woman and it is necessary to hold her down to beat her and fight with her" a notion that the Greeks would have regarded as dangerously arrogant and certain to produce disaster. They would have seen this as an example of the word that they used and we will talk a lot in this course, hubris, a kind of violent arrogance which comes upon men when they see themselves as more than human and behave as though they were divine.
60 | Francis Bacon, influenced by Machiavelli, urged human beings to employ their reason to fore nature to give up its secrets, that treat nature like a woman, to master nature in order to improve man's material will being. He assumed that such a course would lead to progress and a general improvement of the human condition. And it was that kind of thinking that lay at the heart of the scientific revolution and remains the faith on which modern technology and modern technology rest.
61 | 
62 | A couple of other English political philosophers, Hobbs and Locke, applied a similar novelty(新奇的事物) and modernity to the sphere(范围领域 球) of politics. Basing their understanding on the common passions of man for a comfortable self-preservation and discovering something that the Greeks have never thought of, something they called natural rights that belong to a man, either as part of the nature, or as a gift of a benevolent(仁慈的 救济的) God.
63 | Man was seen as a solidary creature, not inherently a part of society. That's total unGreek. And his basic right were seen to be absolute, for nothing must interfere with the right of each individual to defend his life, liberty and property. 
64 | 
65 | Freedom was threatened in early modern times by the emergence of monarchies that might have been able to crush it. But the cause of individual freedom was enhanced by the Protestant Reformation, another upheaval(巨变 隆起) within Christianity arising from its focus on individual salvation, its inheritance of a tradition of penetrating reason applied even to matters of faith and to the continuing struggle between the church and state. The English Revolution came about in large part because of King Charles' first attempt to impose an alien religious conformity as well as tighter political control on his kingdom. But in England, the tradition of freedom and government bound by law was already strong enough to produce effective resistance. From the ensuing(随之而来的) rebellion came limited constitutional representative government and ultimately our modern form of democracy. The example, and the ideas it produced, encouraged and informed(通知影响了解) the French and American Revolution and the entire modern constitutional tradition. These ideas and institutions(制度) are the basis for modern liberal thinking about politics, the individual and society, just as the confident view of science and technology has progressive forces improving humanity and increasing man's capacity to understand and control the universe has been the most powerful form taken by the Western elevation of reason. 
66 | 
67 | In the last two centuries, both these most characteristic elements of Western civilization have in fact become increasingly under heavy attack. At different times, science and technology have been blamed for the destruction of human community and the alienation of people from nature and from one another, for intensifying the gulf between rich and poor, for threatening the very existence of humanity, either by producing weapons of total destruction, or by destroying environment. At the same time, the foundations of freedom have also come into question. Jefferson and his colleagues could confidently their political rights have been self-evident and a gift of a creator. But now, in our time, however, the power of religion has faded, and for many, the basis of modern political and moral order has been demolished. Nietzsche announced the death of God and Dostoyevsky's Grand Inquisitor asserted that when god is dead all things are permitted.
68 | Nihilism(虚无主义) rejects any objective basis for society and its morality. It rejects the very concept of objectivity, it even rejects the possibility of communication itself, and of all the forms of Nihilism I claim, has a remarkable influence in our educational system today, a system rotting from the head down, so chiefly in universities but all the way down to the elementary schools.  The consequences of the victory of such ideas, I believe, would be enormous. If both religion and reason were removed, all that remains is will and power, where the only law is the law of tooth and claw. There is no protection of the weaker individuals, or those who question the authority of the most powerful. There is no basis for individual rights, or for a critique of existing ideas and institutions, if there is no base either in religion or in reason.
69 | That such attacks on the greatest achievements of the West should be made by West intellectuals is perfectly in keeping with the Western tradition. The first crowd you'll find do that is in the 5th B.C. in Greece. The movement called the Sophistic Movement(当时兴起了一种诡辩运动). These Sophists raised most of the questions that me and my colleagues now spending all the their time with. Yet, to me, it seems ironic that they have gained so much currency in a time, more or less, in which the achievements of Western reason in a form a science at a moment in the concept of political freedom seemed to be more popular more desirable to people in and out of Western civilization than ever.
70 | 
71 | Now I would be saying kind things about Western civilization, but I would not want to deny that there is a dark side to the Western civilization and its way of life. To put untrammeled(trammel 束缚) reasons and individual freedom at the center of civilization is to live with the conflict, the turmoil(动荡 骚乱), the instability and the uncertainty that these things create.
72 | Freedom was born and has survived in the space created by divisions and conflict within and between nations and religions. We must wonder that the power of modern weapons will allow it and the world to survive at such a price. Individual freedom, although it has greatly elevated the condition of the people who have lived in free societies, inevitably permits inequalities which are the more galling(难堪的) because each person is plainly free to improve to try to improve his situation and largely responsible for the outcome. Freedom does permit isolation from society and an alienation of the individual at a high cost, both to the individual and the society. These are not the only problems posed by the Western in its modern form, which is what we live in. Whether it takes the shape of the unbridled(bridle 缰绳) claims of Pico della Mirandola or the Nietzsche's assertion of the power of the superior individual to transform and shape his own nature, or of the modern totalitarian(极权主义) effort to change the nature of humanity by Utopian social engineering, the temptation to arrogance offered by the ideas and world success of the modern West threatens its own great traditions and achievements. Because Western civilizations emerged as the exemplary(模板) civilization, it also presents problem to the whole world. The challenge presented by freedom and the  predominance of reason cannot be ignored, nor can they be met by recourse(求援求助) to the experience of other cultures where these characteristics have not been prominent. In other words, to understand and cope with the problems that we all face, we all need to know and to grapple(抓住 格斗) with the Western experience. In my view, we need especially to examine the older traditions of the West that came before the modern era, and to take seriously the possibility that useful wisdom can be found there, especially among the Greeks who began it all. They understand the potentiality of human beings, their limitations and their predicament(困境) in which they live. 
73 | Man is potent and important, yet he is fallible and mortal, capable for the greatest achievements and the worst crimes. He is then a tragic figure, powerful but limited, with freedom to choose and act, but bound by his own nature, knowing that he will never achieve perfect knowledge and understanding, justice and happiness. But determined to continue the search no matter what. To me, that seems an accurate description of the human condition that is meaningful, not only for the Greeks and their heirs in the West, but for all human beings. It is an understanding that cannot be achieved without a serious examination of the Western experience. The abandonment of such a study or its adulteration(掺假) for current political purposes would be a terrible loss for of humanity. And at the base, at the roots of that civilization stood the Greeks. These are the reasons why I examine their experience and I trust that you are thinking about learning about it. Thank you.


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/listening/古希腊历史 yale/10.Athens.md:
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 1 | Athens is located in the southeastern portion of the Greek peninsula. MOst of the land is quite barren agriculturally, but there are some places where there are rich soil. THere is a good harbour and most land is not rich because of red soil, which is further turned into great pottery. Some part produces good marble and silver mining. The less productive land is used to produce wine and plant olive trees. 
 2 | 
 3 | There are a lot of the migrants from other places to move to Athens and become Athenians because Athens was not declared to be invaded by the Dorians. There is sort of harmony in Athens and nothing like the helot class here. THere is no suppressed population waiting to get at their rulers. So athens is going to be without internal strife.
 4 | 
 5 | The society is aristocratic. all that matters is birth, wealth don't play a rule. But in oligarchy wealth does play a rule. As awe see Athens move out of the aristocratic condition into one that is more based on wealth than it is merely on birth.
 6 | 
 7 | Aristotle tells us in 683B.C., magistrates are chosen from the aristocracy to do various jobs in the cities. One of these is the War archon(统治官，执政官 雅典九人执政之一), he was the most important. The second archon gives the name of the year after him. The greeks don't have a system of dating. they name the year after the magistrate of the state. So that archon is called the man who gives his name to the state. A third archon was known as the king archon. His responsibility is mainly religious. Then there is a group of six men whose function were judicial. People could go for specific purposes. All men of the 9 archons are referred to as the college of nine archons(九执政官之院), they had a secretary, which brought the number up to ten. They were elected by the assembly of all Athenian adult male, which were mainly not aristocrats, they chose from the aristocrats for those archons.
 8 | 
 9 | The archons serve for one year and not again. Nobody in Athens holds an office at this time for more than a year. THe only thing in town in continuity that can develop power and influence over a period of time, is the council of the Areopagus(战神山议事会). THat's what aristocratic and oligarchic regimes do. They are very nervous about individuals who acquire too much power, popularity, influence, which will threaten the character of the aristocracy. Aristocracy--this may seem funny--but aristocracy loves equality, equality among aristocrats, and then tremendous inequality between them and everybody else.
10 | 
11 | An aristocratic republic is what we have. Not a monarchy but republic. Dominated insofar(在。。状况下) as it's dominated by anybody but individual aristocrats, by the Areopagus. THe council members are actually consisted of men who have been archon, the year after their archonship, they automatically go into the council and remain there for life.
12 | 
13 | Then it comes to Athens as it did to every other state, later it looks like in Athens. It grows slowly and late, but it begins to engage in commerce to a greater degree than before. And as handcrafts manufacturing, which leads to new wealth and new class distinctions, which are now based not on birth, but on wealth. The Athenians divided people in different classes, one of them was the wellborn, in ancient time there were only class either were or not. But now we hear about people called cavalryman. You can't have a horse unless you have a lot of money. At the bottom of the barrel(社会底层), we hear about people called thetes(雇工), they are poor, they don't own land. They live at the mercy of chance, they work for other people. They do anything they can to stay alive. But now comes the new thing. They were men who could own a pair of oxen so they were well sufficient enough to make them respectably well of farmers. This new class of independent family farmer has arisen in Athens.
14 | 
15 | As in other states, they were not satisfied with the position in the state as his own importance to the state becomes greater and greater. 
16 | 
17 | The next change is not happen but it would change history if so. According to tradition in the year of 632bc, an athenian nobleman who become famous because of his victory in the athletic contest and married a daughter of a tyrant near Athens, so this young man was a big shot of extraordinary character named Cylon, attempted to establish a tyranny in Athens. but he couldn't and was defeated. THough it failed, unlike in many states in Greece, this is a waning about troubles ahead.
18 | 
19 | In 621B.C., Athens had it first written law code, famous as the Code of Draco(德拉古法典). Reports that we have of it indicate that one kind of law that was included in the code was concerning homicide(杀人罪), which have a special place in Greek thinking. Probably it's true of most primitive societies that homicide involves religious ideas. The Greek idea was that killing of men was accepted in wartime was a religious pollution that had to be taken care of one way or another. Beyond that, there was also the primitive thing that was not particularly religious but reflect primitive thinking that all homicides need to be avenged(报复). And so the blood feud(世仇) was clearly prat of the way to deal with homicide in the early history.
20 | 
21 | In the process of civilization and urbanization, people began to feel this has got to stop. One reason for that is because it tears the community apart, as you are in the business of building a community which is what's happening here in the polis, you can have that revenge going on. After developments of the government and people began to recognize and started to search for better ways to solve that and that's what result in the Code.
22 | 
23 | Just the fact that there's a written code, now that it's available to anybody who can read--which is to say not a lot people--but even so people can read could tell other people. That very fact is the sign of the decline of the aristocracy. Because they alone used to know what the law was and people would go to them and ask and they could administer it as they saw fit.
24 | 
25 | We can compare the code to a much older one in Mesopotamia, the most famous of these which is inscribe on a remarkable piece of sculpture, the code of Hammurabi from 2000B.C. It is really quite similar in its essence.  It says if so and so does such a thing, this is what the punishment is. From our point of view, early code like this are notorious for how harsh they are. The Greeks later on said, the code of Draco was not written in ink, but in blood.
26 | 
27 | Nobody actually inventing these laws, the fact that what it does is to codify what had been the ordinary fact. And a characteristic for such developments is that over time when people know how harsh they are they started to reduce the severity of the penalties and to legislate in a more gentle way. 
28 | 
29 | In the early 6 century, Solon, whom we think of as the great lawgiver, who not only wrote those poems that we read some other day. the greek seven sages, Solon was one of them. 
30 | 
31 | Now what becomes apparent as soon as we examine what has bring Solon to the fore is that Athens is clearly facing a serious internal problem. The traditional date for Solon's appointment as sole archon in these years is 594B.C. The crisis is the most acute(严重的急性的灵敏度锐角的) form, takes the shape that Athenians being slaved. And this picture is at least a couple of generations old. And it's this that--how did they get to be slaves? These are not those people being conquered, these are Athenian citizens who used to be free and have become slaves. The answer to how they become slaves is through debt.
32 | 
33 | And there are lots of sharecroppers under the control of the people whom they owned the debt. The lands that were mortgaged in effect were shown by a stone that have the mortgage inscribed on it. Seeings of the stone all over the field were indicative of the pitiful lot of the poor farmers who have fallen into debt.
34 | 
35 | With the internal problem and it seems the same problem bothers the neighboring states well and where tyranny began to establish, the Athenians finally decided to select among themselves a solo archon replacing the seven archons, for one year, and he would be allowed to legislate for the Athenians as a way out of the trouble they were in.
36 | 
37 | They chose Solon out of much capability. The character of the reforms that he proposed were very much moderate. That's the word the came to be the one so much admired, favored and sought(seek 被效仿) by the Greek people.
38 | 
39 | What to do with those people who has lost their freedom, lost their property? Solon introduced a method that abolished all debts that were based on the body of the person. One the other hand, other normal debt continued. Another thing that the poor would have liked was the general cancellation of debt. 
40 | 
41 | Whenever you have general discontent in the lower people in the greek world there are two things, one is abolition of debt because they're always in debt, and the second is the redistribution of the land. This means civil war, nobody would want his land to be taken away from him and given somebody else. He didn't redistributed the land. The solon reform is moderate, yet unsatisfactory because it did not change the fundamental things which means in the future same thing could happen again. 
42 | 
43 | Another thing is that Solon changed the fact of citizenship for the Athenians that he offered to individuals who came and settle and showed he had a valuable skill. The result was in decades to come Athens became a great center for manufacturing. THis is a rare thing in the Greek history and there are few times for the foreigners to get citizenship in some peaceful time, and the influence of this act clearly had a long range consequences helpful to the Athenian state.
44 | 
45 | Well, brilliant, marvelous SOlon was so clever that he realized that when you're moderate, the wonderful achievement of moderate is that everybody is dissatisfied. Because the guys on both ends are unhappy. And what was emerges in our records about what was happening is that localism, regionalism was very popular, which was a large part of the problem in this period. Independent aristocratic figures each sought to make himself the dominant force in society. 
46 | 
47 | 僭主时代
48 | What Peisistratus did was not to change the constitution, but to dominate it. I think you have to imagine that there is the rule of a boss, he doesn't change the law, he just sees to it that all the appropriate bodies are controlled by his people. That, for analogy, is the way the Medici governed in Florence and they made themselves the rulers of that republic. 
49 | 
50 | savvy
51 | He is also setting the circuit court to serve the faraway citizens who would used to go to local big shots for law issues. The new law he gives was one way to break down the local power, which seems to be a good thing for ordinary people, but actually good for himself. He didn't want local power, he is the only power. So that he could unify the state into a single thing.
52 | 
53 | supposition
54 | confiscate(罚没充公 fisc 国库) some of the land of those who opposed him. As can be seen that after Solon's time, the situation of very big farmers and small farmers had changed, there are lots of middle size farmers emerged during the time of tyranny. And that's another reason that he had brought popularity.
55 | 
56 | ONe other thing that he did is to support small farmers. That could be the answer why Athenian agriculture can be so much successful after the time of the tyrants, as they had not been before.
57 | 
58 | There is one negative thing that nobody would like. Peisistratus instituted the first regular direct tax that we know. A five percent tax of all that was produced from the land. That money went to the tyrant and it made him wealthy. It also provided him with the money that he needed to be this good fellow, assisted his political power and his popularity.
59 | 
60 | a very special tyrant. the story tells that one day he went on the mountain of Athens and there he met an old, gnarled, mean, nasty guy saying,"On my farm, I grow rock, and Peisistratus is welcome to his five percent." What did the tyrant say, off with his head or send him on to the moon? He said, well, aren't you a very cute little fellow. I hereby declare your farm exempt(免除豁免) from taxes forever. And it became a famous thing a tax free farm, even shows up in a Byzantine encyclopedia.
61 | 
62 | 


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 1 | Peisistratus did in 527B.C., with all his power and was succeeded in the tyranny over Athens by his sons, by the first wife, Hippeis who was the elder and Hipparchus.
 2 | 
 3 | AT first, it appeared that they ruled in the same way as their father had, which was to say the one that was moderate and didn't cause a great deal of opposition.
 4 | 
 5 | of course there are always a certain amount of opposition, we should not forget that. Aristocratic families alway vying for their own power and their own position when under different ones, different families got into trouble and were driven out.
 6 | 
 7 | in 514 there is a personal quarrel between the tyrants and one of the nobel young men which results in a plot to kill both the tyrants. Let by the two young men known in Athenian lore(传说) as the tyrannicides(弑僭者). They got killed after the success of killing one of the brother and this made the other brother thereafter very nervous, very concerned about the safety and the nature of the regime according to tradition changes, it becomes very harsh. THere are suspicions and persecutions of people. 
 8 | 
 9 | Then the family of Alcmaeonidae(埃尔迈可翁), they rebuilt the Delphi Oracle which made the priests very satisfied so that the money worked for the political advantage. The story that Herodotus tells it, their goal is to drive out Hippeis from Athens and the way to do it this time is to turn to the most powerful military state and use it for their purpose, which was clearly Sparta. 
10 | 
11 | to conclude with the tyranny rule. Many a positive element as was so often the case with tyranny. From the economical time, this was a period of great expansion of Athenian commerce, trade. Another consequence is the diminution(减小) in the power of the aristocracy. ANd this again was the general is the general story of the Greek world of tyranny. It never erase aristocracy, you never see the disappearance of the distinction between nobles and commoners. But the domination of the aristocracy, the monopoly of all power and the influence they used to have is not there. That is the tremendously important consequence. So that when tyranny goes away, it's necessary to reconstruct a new Athenian constitution. The answer is never simple to go back to the old days. Solon had intervened in an important way, and the tyrants had made their own contributions too, the change turned out to be permanent. It's also true that under the tyrants the local power was not dominant by the aristocracy but by the tyrants. That was the trend. The question was the relationship with the outer cities and Athens itself. Localism has been damaged but not abolished.
12 | 
13 | When Athenian tyrants tried to erase local powers, they put people in to some kind of self government, which is also an important character of the democracy. Because once people is given the power of self governing, it's unlikely to go back that easy. If you look back to the 20th century, in India, where people tried to get into the government system and it makes it very obvious differences between those countries who don't when it comes to the establishment of their own country. So, if we hve this experiences, we can say that tyranny is actually an important role form aristocracy government to democracy. But that's not what the tyrants wanted, they intended to rule for as long as they could. BUt that's one of the consequences as we see.
14 | 
15 | Well let's back to 510, when tyranny was overthrown and the family of great fame and they goes home. Now the question of the Athenians is what form of government should we have?  The contest for how to decide that was done in the usual old fashioned way, that is to say, in the contest of archonship. The candidates of holding one view against candidates holding the other view and that's how the things get decided. the man who won the contest setup a new council of 300, rather than the 400 which Solon established. And then he did a very interesting thing, which is to scrutinize the citizen's list and remove those whose father was not an Athenian. Solon has broke that to permit people with skills to move to Athens to acquire citizenship. But on the other hand, another people try to push the real democracy which run for election around Athens and tried to get people into his political party. But this is totally not what the Spartan people want. So they come back and drove him out of Attica, together with about 700 families who must have been in his faction. THis had made vast discontent and lots of Athenians rebel and shut the Spartan army down because they have numbers on their side. THe Spartan army was about hundreds people only. Finally the Sparta and Athens cut a deal and they go home. THus the democrats have taken over the city and decided to go forward. 
16 | 
17 | Now they wanted to have a new constitution because they're going to have a regime the like of which no one have never seen before. THis is not like the american constitution, it's more of the French revolution, normal people have taken over the power and ready to kill every aristocrats they find. But they are also in a fear of the local power as well as the Spartan invasion. So, it's in that hot environment where fear is all over the place. That is the new democratic constitution will be shaped.
18 | 
19 | The center of the new constitution, was the reform of the tribes. THese tribes goes back before the history. HE changed the tribe system in Athens from 4 to 10. Absolute new thing that have no tradition behind them. The tribes are now the real standard replacing old aristocrat families, they are given equally divided land, army, names and a new council of five hundred is set as a real democratic one, which function is to prepare for the thousand people assembly at first, but later on became the real powerful one. 
20 | 
21 | Aristotle writes in his Politics as follows:
22 | "perhaps the question rather arises"--he's dealing with the whole question of citizenship--"about those who have been admitted to citizenship after a revolution have taken place"--such revolution was carried out after the expulsion(排除)--"when he enrolled many foreigners who had been slaves".
23 | 
24 | Again Aristotle or one of his pupils--there's some dispute about the document called the Constitution of Athens, here's what it said," with the aim of mixing up the population so that a great number would share in the citizenship, they came up with this phrase, do not judge according to the tribe." BUt it goes beyond tribe, it means do not judge on the basis of birth. Aristotle says it was directed against those who wants to check on family background.
25 | 
26 | WE would like to designate this Cleisthenic democracy the first democracy, as a hoplite democracy. It also means to some considerable degree, the poor are out. But there is always not a lot of the citizens who could be hoplite class, so it still remains a question whether it is democracy or not. BUt to come into that degree is deliberately blind to what's really happening. Nothing in the world that we know of anywhere ever like this had ever been seen before. This is also very weird among all the citadels where most of them remained oligarchy, typically the attitude for the Spartan and they would keep avoiding being in touch with them. It's like the 1917 where the revolution took place in Russia, it's dangerous, it's radical.
27 | 
28 | They don't call this regime democracy either. It's actually the equality before the law. It means something wipes out the distinctions among classes of people on the basis when it comes to the law. Every man who come before the law is equal to every other man.
29 | 
30 | Another thing is the freedom of speech. Every citizen can go to the center of the assembly to speak out what he wants to say and persuade people to follow his idea. The right to do so is the fundamental distinction between the free man and slaves, which is very important in the Athenian self-government.
31 | 
32 | On the other hand, nothing had taken place in the economy. It's still Solonian kind of classes. It was a deferential(恭顺) democracy in which the lower classes still looked up to the upper classes for leadership and guidance.
33 | 
34 | Now let's talk about the ostracism. 陶片放逐法 Our word ostracize derives from this.绝交。When it comes to January, the council would discuss whether we should do ostracism this year, it doesn't matter about the person and when it's about March, the city agora is fenced off, and every man could come with a piece of pottery or some other things, to write the person he wanted to ostracize. After all, the time is up, they put them in big pile and count it. If it's fewer than 6000 ballots, nobody gets ostracized. If there are more, now they divide them up into piles and the man who gets the most votes, he gets ostracized. It means he had to leave the area of Attica for ten years. He has been accused of no crime, and nothing to be done to his property and his family. After ten years he may come back. 
35 | 
36 | One of the famous story about ostracism is in the 5th century some country man hated the Justice man in athens and they come across the city and it was the day of ostracize. They asked the man of Justice to wrote on his name on the pottery because they simply cannot read for no reason, but just hate to relate his name with just. So the great man was expelled. 
37 | 
38 | People always associate the ostracism with democracy. BUt itself was just a piece of silly foolishness. This was meant to be a constitutional device to work in the political realm as a way to deterring a treason or other forms of unrest.
39 | 
40 | ---
41 | 
42 | The period when the Greek poleis were left essentially to their own devices came to an end when a clash between the Persian empire at the most famous Battle of Marathon in 490. I'd like to tell you today about the rise of the Persian Empire. 
43 | 
44 | 
45 | 


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  1 | The heroic ethic is the dominant element in the Greek system, to look at this in another way, that this is an aristocratic way of thinking and feeling. The core of it is the arete(德行), this word cause lots of problem because even in antiquity the word means something quite different. In Christianity, which adopted the word as well, the word comes to mean goodness. But when thinking about the world of Homer, it means different things. IN greek, arete derives from anar, which means man, man as oppose to woman. 
  2 | 
  3 | So, these are the masculine qualities as the Greek saw them. And primarily among them was the idea of courage, physical courage, mental courage, mainly courage in battle is the core aspect of the word and to be much more encompassing than that. THe most neutral way to translate the word is excellence, prowess(造诣 才智), the ability to do something or to be something which is admired in the fullest way possible.
  4 | 
  5 | Some of the examples of arete, are courage, as I said, but also beauty, strength, the ability to perform athletes very well, and the ability to speak very well. It's an extraordinary thing for modern people to see that there are two central heroes, Achilles, the central figure in Iliad, who represent physical strength, power, beauty all of those things, and Odysseus, the hero in Odyssey, he has also got all these things, but the thing that set him apart, that makes him special kind of hero is the skill of speech, which doesn't mean only the pronounce words very well, but rather he is enormously clever, that he can achieve practical ends using speech, just as he uses power and strength.
  6 | 
  7 | The Greek regards this just about as well as they do the other. The Odysseus, Homer calls him man of devices, all of these are great and are equally honored along with the physical courage.
  8 | 
  9 | The recognition of all the things, the recognition of arete, that the heroes have is what their lives are all about. First of all, they have to have this characteristics but nevertheless, they have to be recognized by people among whom they lived, by the community the live. And the highest rewards the individual can have are the recognition of their fellow men of their high qualities.
 10 | 
 11 | We are talking about a society, therefore, the anthropologists have come up with, societies based on shame, as oppose to some practical guilt. Guilt is something very personal. Shame is something that very external and public. And how you are treated and greeted is what makes you worth. So this is the society that community is the critical element which an individual who didn't live in a society could not achieve. THe kinds the glory, fame, recognition, which you expect from a hero.
 12 | 
 13 | And all these heroes are aristocrats in the traditional sense of words, they arrived at high standing in their community by virtue of birth. YOu are born to one of these people because your father was such a person belong to the right family.
 14 | 
 15 | The noble families of Greece, typically when we saw it in Homer, claim descent from the god and ordinary people do not have. THe family and the individual are the critical elements, but larger range of community are not mentioned like village, entire city, they are barely mentioned. Again we see in Homer, when Achilles refused to fight for Agamemnon, nobody accuses that as treason. Nobody says he is not performing his debt to the community. Everybody, every hero are there to fight because they wanted to be, so that they can earn both the wealth that can be take fron the defeated city, but more important, the kind of fame and glory that comes with such deeds.
 16 | 
 17 | We've already known that Achilles made the choice of dying with fame over living forever with no fame. That attitude, that view, even after Greek's time, remains a very important powerful influence on the Greeks throughout the entire history. So that you have built into that society an inherent conflict. After all, even these heroes need community to live for all various purposes that human beings do, so they have allegiance to them, they do, but they also have allegiance to their family and to themselves, which in Homer, the latter tend to be predominate, and yet the sense of conflict is very real, so later you will see that even Achilles to come to terms with the community norms in order to live in a normal life. 
 18 | 
 19 | And this conflict, between his family and private desires and needs, and the way of the community, will be characterized strongly of the Greek life for the rest of its history.
 20 | 
 21 | Competition, again, is rearing its head, the competition between these two different source of value.
 22 | the community at large versus the individual and family. And this kind of tension doesn't make things clear, it's not easy to say what's the right thing, all of that creates confusion, problems, but also conflicts, tension and all those things. BUt it also creates a kind of freedom, which doesn't permit the typical despotic(专制的) kind of culture which characterizes almost all of the human experiences that we know in the early history of human race.
 23 | 
 24 | And this had an impact on the future, which I mean the future of the west civilization which is the heir of this tradition. As I mentioned to you last time that the poems are the Bibles that which is the source of all knowledge and wisdom that anybody knows anything knows and they were put into practical use to decide the battle ships belong to whom. and when Caesar the Great went to conquer Persian, he carried a copy of Iliad under his pillow as he thought he is the Achilles of taking power to every place. 
 25 | 
 26 | Now if you look at stories of the western civilization, it provides a very interesting contrast within it, which is the Judeo-Christian tradition and the ancient Greek tradition. A little example to explain how that works. The Iliad begins with the accusative noun, "I'm singing about the wrath, anger Achilles which brought so many men to their doom." We need to notice is that the first thing is the feeling of an individual man. The Odyssey begins even more strikingly with the word accusative of a man, and it says,"saying to me goddess about that man, that man of many devices, the clever man Odysseus." 
 27 | 
 28 | So what are the greeks talking about? They are talking about men, extraordinary men, and events that emerge from them and the life they lead. Well, let's look at our Bible. "In the beginning, god create the heavens and the earth." The book talks about god, what he does, sometimes why he does it, what is the effect of what he does, but the center of out book is god, not man. 
 29 | 
 30 | This is not an accidence, it reveals the characteristic of each one of these cultures. The Greeks had a humanistic outlook of life, they believe in god, they were religious people, but the things in their life was shaped by something human, which is different from what was true of the Hebrews and the Christian later on, which is a divine view. THe secular approach is very Greek versus the religious approach. The greek view, moreover, presupposes that man lives in society. he is not creature off by himself, by definition, he necessarily live in society. He is conceivable(可以想见的) to the Greek only in a society. The Iliad, which is about the war, immediately is a kind of an artificial society put together for the purpose of defeating the Trojans and taking their city.
 31 | 
 32 | Aristotle, writing late in the Greek tradition, that man is a political animal, which means man is a creature who lives in the polis, a Greek kind of city state. in the same general passage he says, the man who is by nature without the polis, is either more or less than a man. What he means is that the man is superior to the polis he doesn't need a polis, he is a god because man needs a polis. If he is beneath the polis it means he's beneath what it is to be a human being and that tells you just how potent is this concept of a community for the Greeks.
 33 | 
 34 | Odysseus also was offered an opportunity to live forever, when his ship wrecked on the island in which the goddess Calypso ruled, she fell in love with Odysseus, this is the fate of great heroes, they are heroic and handsome, and women love them, she says just stay with me and you will live forever. BUt he says you are very beautiful girl and I enjoy you a lot, but I got to go back to Ithaca.
 35 | 
 36 | In America society we don't have Iliad and Odyssey, we don't have our own bible, but I think Mark Twain's Huck Finn is really revealing to see what is so different about us in the modern times and the Homeric world. When things don't goes right for Huck, what does he do? HE lights out and wants to get away from society, as an individual rejecting society, fleeing his individualism of society. The greeks would think you've lost your mind or that you were some kind of a barbarian. 
 37 | 
 38 | Views of society of the two traditions in the Western civilization.
 39 | Life in society which Adam and Eve have to encounter, which is to build cities and start living among each other. That is the punishment of seeking knowledge of good and evil  and straining for divinity. Man should be humble and do not close to divine. His hope simply rests with god but not himself. When he tries to take things in his own hands, and in this process, to contravene the will of god, only terrible things happen to them. 
 40 | 
 41 | It's very interesting in the 18th century, Rousseau, whom himself seems to be a poisoned apple in the history of human race, oddly, revives that biblical view, if you think about it. his point is man is happy and good before the invention of society which  society corrupts man and takes away from him his happiness, so what we need to do is to undo the evils that organized society have done. and only if we remove all of the bad things created by society man would return to his naturally perfect virtuous self. That is the major source of individualism which is the great western force. And nihilism(虚无主义) that I think inevitably emerges from it.
 42 | 
 43 | I think people have, in different ways, found in Rousseau, the Nietzschean nihilism and of Marx, and I think there is powerful ways to do so, because you can go in either both of the directions and once you start making that kind of assumption.
 44 | 
 45 | For the Greeks, on the other hand as I said, political society was essential for living any kind of a good life. IN the Odysseus, Homer writes the following," The monsters live without laws." But before they become laws, they are the customary norms of society, in another word, civilization. they live without laws so they wreck not of one another. That means each family lives on themselves, they do not have a community, they do not have society. So of course, they are sort of prehistoric monsters to the Greeks.
 46 | 
 47 | The JUdeo story says that in the beginning men were innocent. Innocent by the way means ignorant. Because knowledge gets in the way of their innocence. What destroy their happy, permanent condition is the sin of pride. And the consequence of that sin is society, corruption, pain and death, because they know neither of these when they were in Eden. 
 48 | 
 49 | Salvation is available, and with is immortality, but it comes with the god and it does not come with the world which we live. That is the thumbnail of the Judeo-christian story.
 50 | 
 51 | THe Greek story is quite different from it. War was the center of the story and war itself requires social and political organization. They can be fighting without war but it can be no war without organization that makes it something more than just fighting. The search of honor and glory are at the root of why men fight and a lot of many other things according to this view. The Greeks did have a notion that something resembles the Judeo-Christian story, they have something called hybris, to be translated as something like this in terms, excess, arrogance, violence.
 52 | 
 53 | I think the fullest grasp of it might be rendered best by violent arrogance, something of being above yourself and thinking yourself more than a man with the implication that you are approaching divinity by being more than a man, and acting accordingly, which usually requires violence to achieve what you want. The sort of Greek ethic runs in this way.
 54 | 
 55 | IF a man is given too much, he is too well off, he is too rich, too strong, too beautiful, so much so that he becomes too arrogant and is ready to step beyond his human condition. At that point, the god don't like it, like the Judeo-Christian god, they want to have a boundary between them, but for them it's important because the boundary is far from clear. 
 56 | 
 57 | So what happens to the man who has too much? He is afflicted(冲突) with hybris which leads him to take violent actions. On to the scene comes the goddess Ate, which might be translated moral blindness. In other words, he no longer thinks straight and so he will do something dangerous, harmful and very ultimately bad for himself. And when he does whatever it is, he is struck with Nemesis, the goddess of retribution(严惩 报应).
 58 | 
 59 | Of course, the most famous Greek case is in Sophocles' play Oedipus the King, which illustrates it very well. Oedipus is a brilliant man, he achieves the kingship of his city because of his extraordinary intelligence and he is a good man, he is the king, don't imagine he is despot, anything but. THe people love him. HE saved the city thanks to his brilliance and goodwill. However, after a while, he becomes to satisfied, too comfortable with his own brilliance, when another threat comes to the city, he is confident that he can solve the problem again for his people. He is warned by the gods through seers(预言家) and by men of wisdom saying, "don't investigate this question too far, you might be making mistake. He won't listen, he bowls ahead. And he discovered in the process the terrible truth, which is that by accident, by coincidence, not by intent, that as a young man he killed his father and subsequently married his mother. And this most horrible combination of facts drives him--and he is already suffered from the hybris and the Ate and the retribution is terrible in his terrible, what to say, in his madness, when he discovered these things he tears out his own eyes, blinds himself. And of course for the rest of life, he must go about as a beggar having been this former tremendously great king.
 60 | 
 61 | So these are examples of what happens in the Greeks ethics later on, if you are guilty of this characteristic. On the other hand, the Oedipus himself, when he understands and he relents(放松 缓和), and in a sense he apologizes for what he has done but more importantly, he ceases, of course, to be powerful and to act in that way, wisdom comes to him again. He understands he has acted immoderately. That is the critical concept. 
 62 | 
 63 | Moderation is the this wonderfully important great thing for the Greeks. You must act in moderation. They don't ask you to be humble and throw yourself on the ground and consider yourself as nothing compared to the gods.
 64 | 
 65 | Be a man, be proud of what you should be proud of, but don't go beyond the limits of what is human, because when you do, terrible things would come. 
 66 | 
 67 | Seek fame, we all want that, and I'll say more about that, but you can't go too far.
 68 | 
 69 | >联想到第一节的delphic maxims
 70 |  - know thyselves
 71 |  - nothing in excess
 72 |  - surety brings ruin
 73 | 
 74 | So here is a typical Greek problem that you've got a contradiction that you got to live with and you cannot resolve. As if you want to seek the fullness of a human experience, you have to try to be the best possible man to compete successfully against others and to achieve fame, glory and recognition. But if you push it too far, you will anger the gods and terrible things happen.
 75 | 
 76 | So, it seems to me that Western civilization, ever since, has become a composite of these two traditions. But there is no way to put them together, and so western civilization is an ambiguous society with the war always ragging(破布嘲笑戏弄) within the soul of it. And it's never going to be clear which of the approaches is the better one. I don't know whether any of you have ever thought about this and anything like this way.
 77 | 
 78 | But if you contemplate your own way of thinking about what you supposed to do with your life, I think you'll find some combination, but that combination doesn't ever has to be fifty-fifty. More typically, on aspect of the culture dominates rather than the other, well it shifts from time and place. And in many, throughout most human beings, there is a consciousness of both. They both have some attraction, and one has to grapple with it. So, a part of you wants to become the greatest whatever places you want to become, and you wouldn't be here if you weren't very competitive, very eager to come first, devoted to arete and your own version of that kind of thing. 
 79 | 
 80 | Yet, it's very easy to say to you that is not a good thing to do. You should try to be humble, you should be like what Jesus suggests in the Sermon on the Mount. YOur soul is in deep danger if you indeed continue to lead your life that you have mainly been leading up to now. Those things are always in conflict.
 81 | 
 82 | There are aspects of demand for performance at the highest level, and at the same time there is a great deal of blaming people for pursuing such things instead of humility. 
 83 | 
 84 | That's Western civilization friends, and the Greeks are at the root of it. 
 85 | 
 86 | So, now we are into the next topic, which is to leave the world of Homer behind us, and to begin to tell the story of the characteristic unit of Greek civilization,
 87 | the polis, after the dark ages. Roughly around 500B.C., the end of the illiterate dark ages, the isolation of the  Greek towns gives way to contact with the east and the south, which is Egypt.
 88 | 
 89 | The rise of polis is based upon critical, economic, military, social and political changes, all of which produces a world that was strikingly different from the one that was just before it. I suppose the first apparently historical event is the first Olympic game, which according to Greek tradition, were held in 776 B.C. It was the Olympic that was the first first event that for the Greeks to have some common notion of being a citizen of the Greek. 
 90 | 
 91 | Then literacy returns to the Greek world. It is not a development of the MYcenaean script which we saw, but rather a new writing system, a true alphabet. Most of the symbols were borrowed from a kind of Semitic that came from Phoenicia or some place near. The Greeks making the true alphabet improved upon it by taking some signs that they didn't need for their own language and turning into vowel sign.
 92 | 
 93 | Henceforth, we will see writing in Greece, now very little of it, of course what we have in confined to things that are not perishable, mostly on pottery.
 94 | 
 95 | The Greeks are are in the 750's engaged in spreading themselves from the mainland of Greece and soon as we know they are in touch with just every place in the Mediterranean sea.
 96 | 
 97 | In the same period, there was clear-cut, unmistakable, oriental influence on the Greek pottery and other things they made. Mainly Mesopotamia and they are much advanced civilizations than Greeks, Greeks are in touch with them again and they borrow styles, and maybe use some of the craftsmen. And most of the influence goes in one way, from the more advanced civilization of the east to the Greeks/. And this is the period in which the Homeric epics are finally written down, now that there are writing and that gives them I think even greater impact on the greek world in the future. 
 98 | 
 99 | All of this are happening in the same time, in farming, commerce, and warfare, which will have great political consequences as well, which I will postpone for a little while. Let me then just return to the phenomenon that is the polis. THe word polis appears in Homer, but it means something different of what it was throughout most of the Greek history. It just means a physical place. What it appears to be is the citadel, the fortress, which was the center of the towns that grew up after the Bronze Age. ANd that is how it means in Homer.
100 | 
101 | Later definitions, however, will be expansive and broader as you go further into Greek history. Aristotle, in his Politics of course, tells us most of the story and often he is the source of information. But one thing is clear pretty early, that polis is not merely a city state in the same way as the Mesopotamian city states, which were places king or emperor ruled, the place where the main god's palace was,  the place where the bureaucrats were to do their business, that is what it was, no more than that.
102 | 
103 | But immediately, very early, you start hearing the Greeks talk about polis in terms that are more in your mind that in touch. 
104 | 
105 | Aristotle in Politics,"As man is the best of the animals when perfected, so he is the worst of all when he is divided away from the law and justice."
106 | 
107 | "Man is by nature a political animal, an animal of the polis, and a man is without a polis by nature, is above or below the category of man. Because man alone has the faculty of speech, and the ability to distinguish good from bad, right from wrong. While he is born with weapons for the use of wisdom and virtue, he  may use it for the opposite ends. Therefore, when he is without virtue, man is the most savage of animals."
108 | 
109 | "Justice on the other hand, is an element of the polis. THe ministration of justice, which means deciding what is just, is the regulation of the partnership which is the polis. MAn can not live without polis, justice exists only in the polis." the polis is something more than a place, it's more than a wall, more that ships, it is something more spiritual to me. 
110 | 
111 | How big are the polis, very small. We start with the most abnormal of them in this aspect, the Athens, the largest polis. Unlike many polies, Athens had been successful in gaining control of the whole region of Attica, a peninsula, which in fact is approximately 1000 square miles, the size of Rode island. THere are over 1000 polis which is a large number of them, and what is the typical size, what is the typical population of them? Well, Aristotle and Plato, both sort of theoreticians of the polis, each had an idea of what is the best size of the polis. 
112 | 
113 | Aristotle says the right size is a place where all the citizens can come to a central place and hear about the speaker. And that number came out to be about 5000 male adults.
114 | 
115 | Plato, being a mathematician, as Aristotle was not, decided that the perfect polis would have 5040 citizens.
116 | 
117 | We are talking about 5000 citizens and that is the ideal polis as far as these guys concerned. Athens was not, the fullest bloom, somewhere between 40,000 to 50,000. And most of the 1000 polis is well under the size of 5000, so that how small the polis in a rough idea as well as indicating sharp departures.
118 | 
119 | And the polis from the beginning, and it never stopped being what I'm about to say, chiefly agricultural communities. Most of the people would be living on farm and engaged in farms. Unlike the ancient near eastern cities, these towns do not grow around a temple or a marketplace. confluence of rivers as they do in the medieval Europe. So it was a natural development, not a central idea authority making a decision about anything.
120 | 
121 | It has a very clear tradition of Athens has kings so how kingship come to an end in Athens. LEt me start be contrasting it with something very typical. The Romans also had kings just before the emerge of their republic, and kingship comes to then end according to the Roman story, is when the last king misbehave by raping the daughter of a nobleman, that caused a rebellion and they overthrew the kings and thereafter the king become a dirty word. THe best example is when Julius Caesar has made himself master of Rome, be he still behaving as though the republic exists. Even he plans to be, he would not use the word. KIngs were despots, dictators, rapists. You didn't want to be one.
122 | 
123 | Well, look at the story the Athenian told. THe great king of Athens forced the enemy out but he himself was killed  in the course of battle. THe Athenians loved and respected him so much, that they gave him the almost unheard honor, of burying him right on the spot where he fell in the field. And thereafter, his name was always followed with glory, admiration and devotion. SO they thought they would never have a king so good, why try. I think somebody has to make up a story, but the memory of a king was not a brutal despotic ruler. We don't know how the change came about, and some people question if they really did have kings. But the picture I want you to have is that's not a tradition, THe tradition was aristocracy, that's what we connect with the polis. And it's natural because it also fit into the world of the Iliad and Odyssey which they were accustomed to think about.


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 1 | The story of the hawk and the nightingale illustrates really the doctrine of the might over the right. THe hawk says he is a fool that tries to match his strength with the stronger, he will loose the battle, and with the shame will hurt also. So don't try to fight against stronger people is what he said.
 2 | 
 3 | It is better, he says, to go by the path leading to justice. For when justice is outraged, and by the way justice here is personified in the form of the goddess called  Dike, she follows before us weeping to the polis, and the gathering of people. SHe puts a dark myth upon her and brings a curse upon all those who drive her out, who deal in(做某买卖) her and twist her in dealing.
 4 | 
 5 | The lines that Hesiod writes in the poems shows that the polis is there already. There is no way talking about what he is talking about in the kinds of settlements that existed before the invention of the polis, and that I think is worth mentioning.
 6 | 
 7 | Beyond that, the fact is that for the Greeks that early and always--btw it remains so, the notion of justice is directly connected with polis. THe only place where justice exists or can only exists is in a polis. The only way you can live a good life is when you live in a polis. And when you do live in a polis of course, you have to behave justly, and this is tremendously important, because your behavior doesn't just affect just you and your family, it involves the entire community. Remember even one bad man can ruin a polis by the punishment for god.
 8 | 
 9 | That is a strong statement about the priority of the community and that is very different from the values we saw in the Iliad and Odyssey. YOU cannot imagine in the world Hesiod describes that Achilles or anybody says if you insulted me so I will not fight for my polis. That can be inconceivable in this type of world.
10 | 
11 | Now given this information, we are onto the problem that for the Greek polis for rest of its history and it's really a problem to this very day for all people who live in some sort of a civilized community. How to reconcile(conciliate安抚 reconcile和解) the interests and desires and wellbeing of the individual and his immediate family with those of the community at large. They may seem, and probably might even be said to be, different and antagonistic(对抗的) at some point and when they are what should you do? FOr the Greeks the answer was pretty clear hereafter, one ought and should be interested to take actions on behalf of the polis.
12 | 
13 | And here are some examples that show the poets fairly early thought the polis was for and about and the relationship between individual and polis. In this case I'm talking about Herodotus, who very early in his history tells a story of his visit to Lydia, the land of the great tyrant Croesus, who is also the richest man in the world.
14 | 
15 | So on goes visits Croesus, Croesus asked Solon, who is the most happiest, the most fortunate-- both of those things contained in the word he uses-- that he had ever seen. Solon was now a man of full years, he was a man greatly respected, he turned out to be one of the seven sages that the ancient greeks selected for the wisest man who ever lived. SO it would be very interested to know what he thought about that. Of course, Croesus had shown his wealth to Solon, in my view, he put the question in this way, Solon, as he looked around at his fabulous wealth and great good fortune. Solon answers, Tellus of Athens, who is unknown to anybody else outside Athens. Croesus was astonished, and he asked why Solon select Tellus and here is what Herodotus says:
16 | 
17 | First, because his city is flourishing, that is his polis, and he himself had sons both beautiful and good. And finally fought to death at most gallantly against the enemy. To summarize, the happiest, the most fortunate man was a dead Athenian that nobody ever heard of. Why? we see in this passage something that reveal so much the Greeks value war and you'll see how closely they were tied up with the polis and the primacy of the polis in their lives. 
18 | 
19 | Well, why are all the things good? First, his city runs well, a man living in a city not functioning well is impossible to be happy. Second, sons. since the Greeks do not believe in immortality, how do you find what everybody wants? One way is through family. So to speak, if you have sons and they are healthy, and they do well, and they have children, that means your name will be carried into the future. and that is one form of immortality. BUt the greatest type of immortality is the story Achilles and his fellow heroes which is to fight for your city, and when you died fighting nobly for your polis, you memory will last so long as the polis lasted.
20 | 
21 | Final document comes from precisely the poems of Solon. As we shall see Solon is a very important figure in Athens, and at a critical moment in Athenian history, the Athenians will give the honor and the responsibility of being the sole public official to draw a new constitutional laws for Athens, an enormously important job. And in the course of defending himself against the attacks after he had done it, he wrote what really amount to political pamphlets to defend his actions and to set forth the ideas that lay under the actual laws that he had put forward.
22 | 
23 | It's worth pointing out that the the poems are better device for remember than prose, which is the way to let people remember and spread and so they did last in history. Here is a fragment of Solon's poems:
24 |  "So, the public ruin, invades the house of every citizen, and the courtyard doors no longer have strength to keep it away, but it overleaps the lofty wall and though a man runs in and tries to lock it in a chamber or closet, it ferrets(搜索) him out. SO my sprits dictates to me, I must tell the Athenians how many evils a city suffers from bad government" The greek word for that is Dysnomia, and good government, Eunomia, "displays all neatness and order, and many times, she must put shackles on the breakers of laws" 
25 | 
26 |  "An Eunomia levels rough places, stops glut and greed, takes the force from violence. She dries up the growing flowers of despair as thy grow, she straightens out crooked judgments, gentles the swollen ambitions and puts an end to acts of divisional strife. She stills the gall of wearisome hate and under her influence, all life among mankind is harmonious and does well."
27 | 
28 | Wonderful. Where do all these good things come from, are they from god? No, they come from the polis, when its laws are good, and therefore when the government it provides is eunomia rather than the opposite.
29 | 
30 | He is making a claim here, which is a powerful one, but which was characteristic of Greeks. The laws that the polis have is not merely a negative thing like todays, which is prevent wrong doing and punish wrong doing. THe laws in a polis makes its citizen better,, not only defeats wrong, but it creates rights.
31 | 
32 | Now lets talk about citizens, in greek, politas. As we mentioned, all of us have this natural selfishness when we are born. We all seek our own interests and soon we join up with a family and we want the family's interest up to a point, and how is this fits a community in large? A problem the Greeks always wrestled with. To conclude, Pericles delivered a great deal of thought to this problem and present the best argument he could think of for solving this problem which was to claim that the individual's highest needs, and great family and personal goals, could only be met through the polis. And his well being was tied up inextricably(难解难分) with the well being of the polis. 
33 | 
34 | Now, we don't have to buy that and individualism undoubtedly found the strain too much from time to time, but what's interesting, is rather the ideal, the claim, the theory. You cannot truly achieve what you want without being an active and loyal citizen of this great community which you need to achieve what you want in life.
35 | 
36 | It is a claim already and as you've seen in Aristotle towards the end history of the free polis. It's something necessary for mankind. It is the center of Pericles' life and it explains the Greeks' devotion to the independence, to the autonomy of the polis and their desire to beautify the polis and make it as great as it could possibly be. All that sounds very nice, it certainly had very nice aspects to it, but there  was of course downsides as well, which is every polis wants to be great, and being Greeks, they wanted to be greater than the neighbors. THat involves conflicts and often among the Greeks involved war.
37 | 
38 | Now Greeks were not unique in history in constantly being ar war. If you examine the human history, so soon as they were organized to wage(工资 准备发动战争) war they began to do it all the time. But it is true that the life of the Greek world was much more filled with war of the polis than other civilizations. Because others have one great power that are able to dominate the entire region after some time of war, Egypt as a good example. So no longer was war possible. But the flip side of that is, there is another thing that is impossible--freedom. 
39 | 
40 | In Greece, you have a lot of war, and you have a lot of freedom, and all of that is tied up, I think very much, with the development of polis.
41 | 
42 | Now, let's take a look at other aspects of the polis, not how it developed, but how it functioned, how that helped to shape the characteristic that shown in its full blown period that is called the Classical Period.
43 | 
44 | THere were really three things that come together. One of them is how the Greeks in the late Dark Ages and on into the period which the polis emerges, made their living. THe second has to do with how they fought. THe third is how they were governed or rather how they govern themselves. All these three things, in my judgement, are necessary to how the polis came into being, how is came to be what it was and how it came to fulfill and believe in these ideas that I just tell you about. And again this is a very controversial subject.
45 | 
46 | The population of Greece had become much smaller than it had been in the Mycenaean period. And that from the population standpoint it could sustain, it could sustain, it was under populated. And if you start to look at what was the way in which the land was worked for the purposes of feeding the population, it was okay to look at the Homeric poems as some kind of evidence to help us out. The obviously mattered units in the world of Homer is family, the greek word ``oikos``, the household, the land the family work and the family themselves.
47 | 
48 | The earlier style pictures rather large estates by Greeks standards, with raiding warrior groups going out to steal what they can, they are engaged in raising livestock, which is more likely to be sheep and goats than cattle. And breading horses which are important for the aristocracy for carrying on warfare.
49 | 
50 | Let's flip back a step beyond that to the Mycenaean for the purpose of noting the great contrast, to great change. Remember, like the ancient near eastern kingdoms and their collectivized agriculture, control from the center. THe individuals who carried out the farming and grazing are not permitted individual initiative, they are under controlled. THese civilization and other civilization like other in the Mediterranean kingdoms were rather advanced. They knew how to cultivate the grape to make excellent wine and how to cultivate olive to make superb olive oil and how to process them to produce the result. THey were engaged in arbor(乔木 转轴) culture, their fruit trees produce well. It was a civilization that was rather advanced in terms of its agriculture skill.
51 | 
52 | All the agriculture skills and knowledge were kept in the palace that allows the king and his people to send out messages, orders to everybody to do what they should. And when the palace civilization collapses, the whole system collapses. That explains, in large part, why there were huge decline in population, why the dark ages were so dark, lots of poverty, lots of starvation. 
53 | 
54 | BUt in some time of that period of the dark ages, probably around the 8thB.C. century is the greatest transition. Somehow big families obtains a chunk of land that is understood to belong to it. The family knows they will have the land and they were able to pass it on from father to son so that he can inherit it, and that changes everything. THat kind of stability gives promise and is a basis for making every kind of necessary investment in order to make it better. THat is the idea of private land attached not to any one person, but in perpetuity(in perpetuity=forever) to a single farm family. 
55 | 
56 | THe critical thing is people would not take the risk to make things better without clear title to the land. Once they have the land, the idea of private land changes the whole basis of society and the values and the attitude that goes with it. IN short, it is the invention of the family farm, that is the critical moment of the human history and there certainly is no example of it that I know of, apart from Greece. 
57 | 
58 | and after that is the population growth, for this the archaeological evidence is very strong. THere are more and more people living on the land of Greece. What do they do? One of the problems is that the more people you have up to a point that's good, there are more people who can work to improve the production. But beyond that point, there are more people to feed than the production can feed, and that leads to the desire for expansion of the land available for cultivation. 
59 | 
60 | Now there are couple of ways to go, one is certainly something can be called as internal colonization. The way it works is that when you are engaged in agriculture it's natural to go first to the soil, which can be known to the most likely to produce the best land, the most fertile, the better land there is. So, that the way they are. But now, when you need more, you can't just say I only want the best bottom land there is, you move out to some place nobody bothered to farm before, because it wasn't profitable enough, and then marginal land is brought to play with hard work and ingenuity(聪明才智 心灵手巧).
61 | 
62 | Above all we are not talking about the agriculture aristocracy, but agriculture community of small family farms. ONe of the things that come with the development of this kind of agriculture as the polis is slavery. 
63 | 
64 | Slavery is as old almost as human race, certainly was already present in the world of Homer, but the slavery is few in the dark ages due to the general poverty of the society. BUt as the family farm in agriculture comes into being, the way is found to use slave in a positive, productive way, positive from the standpoint of profits. But that's something quiet different from the southern plantation because only small amount of slaves were engaged and the master has often to work along them, to give instructions and the slaves are like being hired to work and live together the family except they have no freedom.
65 | 
66 | One of the funny thing that the emergence of the family farm gives rise to the polis' character as a land in which there is a citizenry, which is to say free men who rule themselves. So, polis would see the invention of freedom in this way, and oddly enough, it is accompanied with the growth of slavery at the same time. BOth freedom and slavery come along the same time in the greek world.
67 | 
68 | THe new farmer is not just like a different kind of farmer, but a different kind of person. He is a citizen in his political role, a soldier, but a soldier not in the pay or the hire of a king, or of an aristocracy. He is a citizen soldier who has participated in the decision that says it is time to go to war and who will play an active role in making decisions about his state's policy and behavior. HE is independent in a way that nobody who was a king or an aristocrat in the past has ever been -- a new kind of man, the backbone of the polis as it emerges.
69 | 
70 | THere is still an aristocracy made up of the old guys and they don't just disappear and there will be a long stretch, some degree of conflict between these new independent farmers and the aristocracy and never does that aristocracy go away, that's old/. IN short, the new farmer, citizen is new, but old things never go away.
71 | 
72 | What percentage of Americans work on farms at the end of the nineteenth century? --it's sixty to seventy percent, and further back into the american history the closer it is to ninety and ninety five percent. THat's the history of the world, the whole human race has spent the bulk of its time farming. BUt the number of americans today who works on farming is too small to be mentioned, 5 percent.
73 | 
74 | Farmers are a sociological category of people, different from non-farmers in all kinds of critical ways, and it is just an example that farmers'disappearance is something happens newly.
75 | 
76 | Now we've finished the economic aspect of this phenomenon and next is the area of politics. Back in the Mycenaean times, there was a despotism of some kind. the conclusion we can draw of HOmer is a society of aristocratic policy, and that remains after the dark ages. People get power by fortune, physical power and virtue of the descent, and whatever the standard is to decide, birth is always a critical criterion. 
77 | 
78 | And decisions made in aristocracy is by council, and not a assembly. A council is all the gathering of the entire adult male population, but an assembly is only a smaller group who has some degree of authority. The law was interpreted, spoken and the degree that it has to be forced, by the aristocrats working through a council in their community. That's the dark ages. 
79 | 
80 | What we shall see in the polis as it grows and as the changes in their economic situation that happening is that these successive farmers, who will also be the fighting men who fight for their polis. These men, the combination of their independence, their wealth, while they aren't great wealth, but they do have wealth that they amount to something, and their role as soldiers, make them demands a larger voice in the government of the state, in the decisions that affect them so closely.
81 | 
82 | So, they will be finding different ways to insist on their inclusion and the results will be different in different states. Sometimes, the old aristocrats will be able to hold on for a very long time and to suppress any attempts to change things. Other times these will be widespread in certain places and will be very significant. The dissatisfied people in the society, mainly those farmers, will get together and perhaps fix on some discontented(不满足的) aristocrats and most particularly  pick some aristocrats who has distinguished himself typically as a soldier and engaged really in what amounts to a kind of a revolution or at least a coup, and bring about a different kind of monarchy which the Greeks called tyranny. And when that kind of tyranny went to an end, there was never again in that town that one-man rule of any kind. Either, what is established after the tyranny is an oligarchy(寡头政治), which is not aristocracy, simply a rule of the few. The change is that it is no longer the rule of those few who are born in the right place will depend the whole situation. And the newly wealthy will participate in the government and the form of government which is oligarchy will be throughout the classical period the most characteristic form of government in the Greek city states.
83 | 
84 | When democracy is invented it will have its moment, and it will spread, there will be numerous democracies but they will never be the majority of the polis. the typical polis will be a kind of independent farmers and above who take part in politics and be governing bodies in their states. They will be the soldiers to fight and the decision makers. And the people poorer than them will be excluded. 
85 | 
86 | So, it is important to realize that these family farmers, the successful ones, do not necessarily lead to democracy. It is an unusual outcome when they end up with democracy.
87 | 
88 | So now we learned something about the economic change, about political change, and next we will start with the story of the military change that has so many significant consequences.


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 1 | the third character the independent farmers play is what we want to talk today, the role as soldiers that fighting for their polis. a form of fighting men is a phalanx(方阵), which is something was rolling across the plain as the men went forward and looking pretty formidable. 重步兵方阵hoplite phalanx, a core of heavily armed infantrymen in a solid block. 
 2 | 
 3 | The phalanx would have come into being somewhere between 700B.C., which is to say after the earliest polis are in business and according to this interpretation it really have them growing up together.
 4 | 
 5 | the hoplite itself is marked by first of all a shield and second of all, as we continue to talk about its defensive capacity, he has a certain amount of armor to protect his body. He has on top of his head a helmet made of bronze, perhaps weighting around 5 pounds, these are approximate numbers which would differ from person to person to some degree. A very important element he would have had a breast plate made of bronze, perhaps as much as 40 pounds. He would snapped across his shins(胫骨), greaves(胫甲), sort of like the shin guards that a catcher in baseball wears. The shield itself is made by heavy wood covered by a leather or bronze sheet about three feet across, something in the neighborhood of 16 to 20 pounds.
 6 | 
 7 | As he is covered and protected from head to toe, he can't pretty much see behind but straight ahead. You shouldn't pretty much hear anything either, and it mustn't have been too delightful to breathe out of the thing.
 8 | 
 9 | Now, between your waist and your shin guard, there is some very delicate territory, because there is no armor. THat's what your shield is for. Your shield should cover that territory. You want that shield up so that is pretty well meets your helmet. So if anything goes right, the enemy wound penetrate your, but you should be aware that there are two places where you are relatively vulnerable for openers, which is beyond and below the shield.
10 | 
11 | on the offensive side, the hoplite has two weapons, of which the most important by far is called pike(长矛).
12 | 
13 | THere is a science in drinking. Plato's Symposium, all of these guys are sitting around having a drinking party. THat's all they do all night. But also talking, and they are talking very well as a matter of fact. And the goal of this conversation is, by the way, Symposium means drinking together. So, they are drinking and they are talking, both of these are supposed to go on at the same time. And here's the thing, the idea is to drink as much as you can without passing out. And at end of Plato's Symposium everybody is out except Socrates who look around and says," oh well no more conversation everybody's asleep." Off he goes and we know who won that one.
14 | 
15 | Why could they do that one? Well, they weren't ignorant undergraduates, but beyond that they drink wine, no those you barbarian liquids that you drink, but also they mix that wine with water so that they wouldn't get drunk to fast. Think about how the world has decayed since those days.
16 | 
17 | Anyway, it still has its alcoholic consequences in the battlefield. THe trick is that to get to a level of inebriation(醉酒) but before it affects your nerves and your physical ability to act.
18 | 
19 | But it worked on your brian to the point where you get to that sort of what I like to think of, the bar room militance(好战n.), whereby(由此借此，conj在某方面) if the guy says that would you pass the peanuts? you say,"Oh yeah?" That is the ideal hoplite mode. They want to get to those son of bitches on the other side and they want to kill them and all of that is working on both sides. 
20 | 
21 | So, when they come together, they come together in a trot, they moving along quicker and they would collide together.
22 | 
23 | Now, another issue that emerges in discussion of these kinds of battles is the casualties. For long time, the general wisdom is that there were not heavy casualties in hoplite battles. The casualties could run as high as 15% at a hoplite battle. That's a high casual rate, while the winning side will lose about 5%.
24 | 
25 | 


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/listening/古希腊历史 yale/7.colony.md:
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 1 | one of the ways in which we can date the time when the polis came into being has to do with the greek tradition about establishment of colonies.
 2 | 
 3 | There are clear evidence for Greek colonies Throughout the Mediterranean is because every time we see a colony, it appears to exist in a form of a polis. That's the chronological significance of it.
 4 | 
 5 | The first question was that what was it that let the Greeks to sail or walk very great distances from their mother cities, to leave home to establish a new city for themselves, someplace else, and this is not to be taken for granted. In the first place, by and until 20th century, human beings tended to stay put, they didn't move until they were driven to move. We have some evidence but of course we don't know any certainty or any confidence. The most widely cited reason is the request of more farmland. As I'm always emphasizing, the vast overwhelming majority of people needed farmland in order to stay alive. THe notion of the land eager is the key factor. 
 6 | 
 7 | And it is supported by the fact that wherever we find in a polis, whatever other characters is has, and they vary, all of them has a demand for farm supply which permits the citizens to farm successfully and thereby to make the polis succeed. 
 8 | 
 9 | Then there are always things that we might call much less rational that in any group of people there is a small minority, I want to emphasize small who just love to do risky things, they love adventure. SO off they go seeking adventure and seeking to make a fortune however they're going to do it.
10 | 
11 | SO what are these new settlements like. First, they like each other in many important ways. THe Greek word for colony is meant by faraway home, which is not the same as what Roman Empire would do to take charge of cities as invaders, so the word for this behavior is only chosen to be colony, but it's definitely not the kind of such establishments.
12 | 
13 | So, how does a colony come into being? First, somebody in one of the old Greek cities has to decide that he wants to go out and establish a colony. He would be an individual of some eminence because the job requires much leadership and he will need to recruit people. And he will have to do the constitutional discussion and a political discussion from the mother city to allow him to do everything he knows.
14 | 
15 | So we should imagine these leaders of colonies, founders of colonies, would be probably noblemen and that they would have a position of eminence. BUt yet unlikely to be part of the dominant faction in that city because otherwise why would they leave. 
16 | 
17 | First, the founder would take full consideration of the place he found perfect to be a new colony, he would be a person who is quite familiar of the land and as well other situations and announce the plan to be feasible. And then he would go to Delphi. Delphi is the place where you should visit in Greece, it's the oral of everything as the ancient greeks says. Because there the god Apollo had established an oracle(神示所). No matter the Greeks or the barbarians have to go to the Delphi to get the answer of god and indeed it became the best information gathering and storing device existed in the Mediterranean world. THese temple people know more than anybody else about these things, so consulting the oracle was a very rational act indeed. Now if you get the permission of Delphi, now you have to go home and write up what amounts to a charter of foundation for the city, which lays out how things are going to work in this city--something about the governmental structure, maybe more fundamentally, how the land will be alloted and assigned and so on. So, when you go to recruit settler, everybody will know what he's getting and decide whether it's gonna be good for him or not. 
18 | 
19 | Now, recruiting is tremendously because you need to have a certain number of settlers to maintain the city viable.  ONce you don't have enough people who would come to join you on the colony, you will have to take the message to some events that more Greeks will participate. As you know the first Olympics was alleged in 776B.c. and that would be a place that Greeks from all over might come and when you could recruit settlers for your colony. Not only the Olympics, you have all the opportunities to go out and make your pitch.
20 | 
21 | So, now you have everything in place, what is the relationship between the colony and the original state? I would say there are three categories that they fall into. The most typical, usual and everything else is an exception, is that there are friendly relationship but keep in mind they are always independent. 
22 | 
23 | Just in a word about these leading colonizers, because there is something to be learnt from that. One of the things you kind of speculate about and wonder about, why did some cities send out lots of colonies and some only a few and some not at all for quiet a while.  The cities who are doing most of the colonizing are located where most of the trade was going on at this point in history. And often there are conflict and trouble going on in the cities, there are people who would want to flee and go elsewhere. And for the people who won the civil wars, they would be glad to send them away rather than to have these discontented people as their enemies hanging around town and making trouble.
24 | 
25 | 


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/listening/古希腊历史 yale/8.greek tyranny.md:
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 1 | greek tyranny()所谓僭主，指不通过世袭、传统或是合法民主选举程序，凭借个人的声望与影响力、武力获得权力来统治城邦的统治者。
 2 | 僭主与君主都是一个人统治城邦，但君主顾及并促进全邦人民的利益，而僭主则只关注他个人的利益，忽视全邦人民的权益。僭主政体是一种变态政体，与之相对，君主 
 3 | 僭取本由公民集体享有的政治权力，所以被视为违背常规与不合法的。
 4 | 
 5 | Tyranny emerges in the seventh century B.C., which in response to some of the very same developments about the burst of colonization. All of those tumultuous(骚动的), troubling changing forces that were at work in society and bring about this new kind of regime which lasts from one to three generations in greek history. It was a transitional phase in greek society rather than one that lasted for a terribly long time. BUt it was not trivial in some case the influence went for three generations.
 6 | 
 7 | What is tyranny? tyranny and tyrant are borrowed from other languages to describe certain elements emerged in their society. Tyrants are people who have centralized power and lots of wealth. One translation that poets give for Tyrant is lofty despotism, that means he rules not as a king, but as a master ruling slaves.
 8 | 
 9 | THere is another sense attaching to the word tyranny, that is the power is not legitimately acquired. the regime of royal pass on power by  blood, though greeks don't practice kingship but they don't think that as an illegitimate form of regime. But tyranny is not legitimate. A tyrant doesn't have to explain himself and nobody dare insist that he do. He doesn't need to have the approval of anybody.
10 | 
11 | Irresponsible is another I think that fits into the picture.
12 | the greeks felt that any regime to be legitimate must be responsible in the technical sense. It must be answerable to somebody. Because all human beings, by the philosophical core of this idea, are not to be trusted by complete power. They will abuse it, with or without violence.
13 | 
14 | Tyrants are often think themselves to be compatible with gods. Because they have the power and wealth and because they have no responsibility to anybody, presumably they can. And this is one of the things makes them terrible.
15 | 
16 | For the greeks it originally meant something much more neutral, it simply means two things. One man rule, well that would always raise an eyebrow but you could imagine being okay. And the fact that it is unconstitutional.
17 | 
18 | The first tyrant named in the Greek tradition is a man called Pheidon of Argos. Who is mentioned by Aristotle in Politics. Here are some alleged facts about him. Pheidon imposed a system of uniform weights and measurement in the Peloponnesus. You don't do that if not in fully control of the region. He is also a leader of a powerful army. And he is most probably the first king to strike silver coins on the island of Aegina. NO coins were present in Greece prior than that.
19 | 
20 | now you have all of the stuff, the pressure of a growing population, new groups challenges the aristocracy. 
21 | 
22 | The typical sort of historical development, people making revolutionaries are often people on the margin, who has some kind of connection by birth or think they have some connection with the higher and are annoyed, irritated, angry, jealous and therefore likely to take the trouble to seize power.
23 | 
24 | Untraditional root to power is important. Gyges(巨吉斯), perhaps you remember the story of Gyges. HE was the prime minister of the king of LYdia and the king had this incredibly beautiful wife and he is terribly proud of her, so he said to Gyges, you can't believe how gorgeous she is. Gyges says of course she's wonderfully beautiful. You can't tell with her cloth on for god's sake, he says, come on, come with me. Gyges says"no,no please your majesty." king says, come with me. So there's Gyges hidden behind a curtain and here's his wife disrobing and indeed she was as advised. The king goes on, Gyges would have slipped away, but  the queen spot him, and of course she's totally disgraced, she's deeply embarrassed just to put it very wildly and so she says to him,"unless you do what I tell you, I will tell my husband you sneaked me and did this and he will kill you. But, what I wanted to do is to kill him and marry me. That's how you can make it up." What could Gyges do? And so that's how he became king. THat's not your normal constitutional procedure even in Lydia;.
25 | 
26 | all the tyrants, they have power, they have military which gives them what they need in the way of command. THey have to have skills, the founder of a dynasty at least has to have skill, he has to be a good talker, so he got people to go along with him. HE's got to have talent. It's not the easiest thing in the world to overthrow a traditional regime and make yourself a boss. So that he would have these abilities. But he got to have supports out there for the variant elements. Prestige from some great deed, whatever it might be, military victory, or athletic victory perhaps. And when he has wealth, he can use it further to strengthen the position and they typically do.
27 | 
28 | Tyrants grow unpopular. the one question in the mind of all people is what have you done for me lately. Any benefit that people might have achieved from the establishment of tyranny gets to be taken away after some while. They ask why is this guy taking taxes from me? Why he is so important while i am not. THese problems are just inevitable. So, if you want to keep you power and keep people down, you can't rely on the citizen body. So tyrants typically hire foreigners to serve.
29 | 
30 | Another thing is that while these tyrannies last, it is typical that they should accomplish very significant things that most everybody would agree that were positive contributions to the life of the community they rule, the capital. they should provide public services for the people like the water supply, the drainage and the plaza for citizens to be a commercial center. 
31 | 
32 | one of the most magnificent buildings these tyrants build are temples. they changed from building with wood to stone with the wealth of tyrants growing. The tyrants are also patrons of arts. All kinds of arts which are monopolized by aristocrats now would be more broadly available.
33 | 
34 | All of that makes the tyranny not so easy to be knocked over and people would have many reasons for gratitude to the tyrants. And the old aristocrats would be unsatisfied with everything they were doing because they were cut out. But we got everybody else. Their feelings I think would be mixed. In fact what we see is the stead decline in the popularity of tyranny from generation to generation. When the tyranny is overthrown, the typical successor to the tyrannical regime is an oligarchy(寡头). It would include a lot of old aristocrats but it was not a monarchy of any kind.


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/listening/古希腊历史 yale/9.spartar.md:
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 1 | When coming to Sparta you are coming to a polis lifted to a new level in the sense of all the theoretical elements and psychological elements that go into creating a polis is intensified in Sparta to such a degree that is almost a different thing. And it is important that the other Greeks felt that way too. Sparta has a special place in their minds, in their imaginations. THey admired the Sparta very much because the Sparta carried the feeling that the polis was the center of a Greek man's life. and it had a virtue that were associated to the polis to an extraordinary degree.
 2 | 
 3 | They admired it much but not so much to live like a Spartan because the price was very high indeed. One other thing we need to take a look at the way the Spartans lived was that they became a sort of a model for the philosophers in 4 to 5th century B.C., I mean certainly Plato and Aristotle who had some criticisms of the real Sparta that existed.
 4 | 
 5 | It is fact that the Sparta would emerge in the 6th century as the most powerful of the polis. First we need to take a look at how Sparta became the most powerful among Greece.
 6 | 
 7 | As the beginning of Sparta, there was slaves called helots(黑洛士) do the farming and other people who would do the bronze and iron. Sparta don't do anything else than fighting. 
 8 | 
 9 | 两次美西尼亚战争 got a lot of slaves. ANd only after the second Messnia war, the Sparta constitution comes into being. What is established in this constitutional ultimate reform is to make Sparta like no other state in the Greek world, and perhaps unlike any states around the world, and to make it the subject of attention and interest about the Spartan way of life that make them take it seriously and admire it. 
10 | 
11 | One of the things I don't want to lose sight is that Sparta becomes a slave holding state like no other state in Greece. Now, there was slavery all over the ancient world, there was no nation in the ancient world that was without slavery. ANd there was certainly nothing like what Spartans did, that to have a system of life that allowed the Spartan citizens not to work in order to live. No other states would have it. If you look at the slavery system in 7th century B.C., that the farmers would do the labor in the field, perhaps with one or two slaves that they owned assisting them, that's not the Spartan system. The Sparta system will be the Spartans at home, training constantly for their military purposes. The slavery like in the antebellum south in the US.类似南北战争之前打南方奴隶制度
12 | where great army of slaves are doing all the work and where the plantation owners don't do anything at all. 
13 | 
14 | Now let's look at the sparta constitution when it fully developed. It begin with the training and education of the youth. When a Spartan boy is born, already from the beginning this is not merely a matter that concerns his family. A decision as to whether or not he should be allowed to live is made by the elders of the Spartan community who examine the kid. What do they examine him for? mainly, almost entirely, for his physical condition. If he is crippled, if he is deformed in any way, they will have him put to death. The infant, the baby would be killed, the reason for that was that they had a clue about eugenics(优生学). This is not like in any other states. It doesn't mean that they do not kill babies. they clearly did. But that decision was made by each family. But in Sparta, it was a state decision. THe state will decide whether you live or die.
15 | 
16 | Well, suppose the child made it through the first ordeal(), now he has six years of more of less normal life. He lives in his home like any other normal boys with his mother mostly, and with his father I supposed too, not so much, you'll see why I say not so much in a bit. And finally at the age of 7, he is taken away from home, put into a word in Greek that really means pack(小队), just like cub scouts(童子军). The are taken into the military school and also the only school in Sparta. That school is governed by a magistrate and it is run by the older boys. In many aspects, it reminds me as being like an upper class British public schools, which means of course private schools. The descriptions of Eton and Harrow, and even more harrowing places than that. Because the older boys are allowed to deal with the younger badly. They are bullies. they push around, they mistreat them. Tough is one of the thing if you're thinking about Spartan education.
17 | 
18 | But they made it now to the age of 12, the live in these barracks(兵营 工棚), they have a communal(公共的) life, they have nothing resembling luxuries available to them--more and more sounds like an English public school in the 19th century. They don't have shoes, they are given one cloak. Now, whatever you may think about the sunny Mediterranean and Greece, go to Sparta in the middle of winter. It't damn cold. So that one cloak isn't enough, and that's intentional. The idea is for them to learn how to bear cold. They are fed enough of course, to keep them healthy and going, but no more, not to satisfy their appetite. This is to make them, first of all, lean and tough, but also to accustom them to the hardships of a campaign and basically to make them tough. They, therefore, are constantly are on the hunt for food. And interestingly the ethos(精神特质,思潮) of the situation is that they were trying to steal whatever they could. They would be encouraged to do that but they would be punished severely if they were caught. SO the trick was to steal but not get caught. 
19 | 
20 | I always thought that some wonderful focus of what it was like to be a kid in one of those Spartan schools is revealed in one of the stories that Plutarch tells.
21 | 
22 | the boys until the age of 20 are trained by older boys, I should say young man between the age of 20 and 30. SO this educational element would consist of boys from the age of seven to men at the age of 30. and the guys between 20 and 30 will be the teachers and the boys below them will be their pupils. now other elements involved in this picture is that there was as you always find in system where boys are packed together and there are older and younger boys, hazing is part of the game, all part of the business of being tough and manly and so on and so forth. But that's not enough. 
23 | 
24 | what the The Spartans are shooting for is not merely developing individuals who have the qualities that are desired. They are interested in developing people, young men who are so closely intertwined with each other as to  be tighter even than the family. And one aspect of this is very clearly sexual. The typical arrangement was a young teenage boy would be associated with an older man, and these were very much homosexual relationships. But this was a passing phase. When the boy reach manhood himself then he was no longer in that relationship. ANd every Spartan went on after, and was married, and was supposed to produce children. I think we should take is as all part of the state system as being for training and education to produce fighting man and who would also be practically all a single family as close and tight with one another as they could be. and that would give the Spartan soldiers fighting ability.
25 | 
26 | The Spartan man between 20 to 30 are allowed to marry, but they are not allowed to live with their wives. They continue to live in the barracks. Talk about strange and peculiar arrangements. On the other hand, they have a natural desire to visit their wives, which they would do if they weren't get caught. Now when  the man gets 30, he stopped being an instructor in the school. Now he has his own home, and if he has children below seven they'd live together. And the situation looks normal. except that these Spartan men did not eat dinner at home, they had their dinner together at a common mess. Each 15 men had meal together for the rest of their life. There again, you have a sense of tremendous community building, a unit building. What was it? about the size of a platoon isn't it?一个排 Every thing in this was military. Now, think about the kind of a loyalty to one another which is so critical to success in warfare. Even when they are grown men and living at home, they are still maintaining their close quasi familial association with their fellow fighting men. 
27 | 
28 | What are the quality that are supposed to be produced by this system? Discipline, first and foremost. Every aspect of the act is governed by the laws and the customs of the community. YOu better conform. There is no other choice for you. Self reliance, strangely enough, because all of these encouragements to theft and discouragements to getting caught have to do with building the ability to do things like that. Social cohesion. Who can imagine a system more constructive to bring about than this. 
29 | 
30 | Uniformity. You are all just like one another. You go through exactly the same experiences. There's no distinctions among you. On the other hand, this  is another one of the interesting contradictions about the system. Every men in in contradiction with one another. They fight for honor, for recognition by the peers and superiors. And that is the contradiction. The Spartans are living in a condition of strain, much greater than most societies impose on people. BUt it's obviously arranged so effectively that it works. You don't have an evidence of mass insanity or great need for psychiatrists or anything like that. If it was an insane society they were all insane in the same way, and they didn't know it. The business of sameness is very important. They referred to one another and they were referred to. That's it.
31 | 
32 | It's important to talk about Spartan women too. The rest of the Greeks treated women very differently from men. One striking difference is that when men engaged in physical exercise, especially in competitions that were part of the great games, they come in the nude. Women do not do so and if they were seen nude in public, it would be the greatest conceivable shame. BUt the Spartans do thing their way. Spartan women engaged in dancing and athletics and competition and they did so in nude. And so they were not shut away from the boys as in other Greek places. THey also have more legal rights than other states. THere were actually in a sense group rights with the women. If the man found his wife couldn't bear children, it was legal and proper and normal for a man, who was his friend to lend him his wife.
33 | 
34 | More formal constitution of the state. It's unique and a mixed constitution. It's not democracy, not monarchy, not oligarchy(寡头), not aristocracy. It contains elements of every one of those moral constitutions. They have two kings. They serve as the leaders of the Sparta army. They are judges in all sort of cases. 
35 | 
36 | THere are two other things. One is the gerousia(元老院), the council of elders has very important powers and some of them relating to the kings. There is another council are consisted of five men, who are ordinary radom Spartans. They have the power that can charges against the kings if they believe either of the kings done wrong. and then the kings are tried by the gerousia.
37 | 
38 | the only people who spoke at the Spartan assemblies were the kings, the gerousia, or the group of people called the five ephors(五人监察院), who are the annually elected officials of the year. In short, the average Spartan did not ever speak in the assembly, it appears. So, it's not a democratic assembly even though every single citizen could participate. So that is the mixed and rather confusing aspect of the assembly.
39 | 
40 | The ephors were invented late in the development of Spartan constitution. the word itself means to oversee what's going on.  ONe of their duties is to keep watch on the kings and to see the kings didn't do anything improper, illegal, irreligious or anything of that kind. 
41 | 
42 | Now, another thing about the ephors is that they are very different. The people of the gerousia are old men who have proven themselves by a process in which their individual qualities are relevant. So they have tremendous prestige in the Spartan state. This is not true necessarily and typically of the ephors. Aristotle tells us that they can just be any Spartan. they are all ordinary people, not distinguished in anyway necessarily. THere is a strong element of chance involved in who was going to be an ephor. And they were only there for a year. The king and the gerousia are there for life. 
43 | 
44 | Remember that all the Spartans that they are, whether they are ordinary citizens, all the way up to king, are a small minority of all the people who are under control of the Spartans. THE percentage was way up to 10 to 1. The Spartans don't like democracies and they won't like any form of autocracy(独裁统治), which in Greece typically took the form of tyranny. THey gain reputations of being hostile to tyranny.
45 | 
46 | The spartans became the first state to be in command or in control or to be the leaders of a coalition of states. Not for a special purpose only, but a permanent coalition of states, which the ancient Greeks referred to as the Spartans and the allies. Modern scholars would call the Peloponnesian league. the time is around 750bc. 
47 | 
48 | Even though Sparta is by far the strongest military force among the Greeks, they are more than usual reluctant to fight. And they don't like to fight the wars if they can avoid them, especially they don't like to fight a war in long distance and they don't like to fight for any long period of time if they have to be away from home.  And the reason for that is what we should really see. According to Thucydides, 修昔底德 it was the fear of the helots. It's not just that the helots were so numerous compared to the Spartans, they are tremendously unsatisfied with their situation. Their backs may have been broken, but their spirits are not. They always want to have a rebellion in which they could undo these extraordinarily heavy burden that they carried. Somehow in hundreds of years of time, they did not loose sight of their nationality. THere is a story of rebellion that in the 4 century B.C., somebody tried to stir the people against the Spartan government and he said he would do that for the helots who would gladly eat the spartans raw. 
49 | 
50 | Another thing that the Spartans are worried about is-- remember why are the Spartans successful? Numerically they aren't many enough-- it's because they are the best. And why they are the best? It's because these training system, these values, this way of life that is the purely spartan way. So, there're always a majority of spartans who are suspicious of and hostile to any kind of change internally certainly, and externally because external things always have internal implications. They are always worried about corruption seeping into the Spartan system. 
51 | 
52 | Corruption normally has the concept of money, wealth behind it. If money comes into the picture, people start being brought by it, they will cease to think as the way good spartans do only of the state but they will think of themselves and their wealth and so on. Another is that corrupt is the search for power beyond wat is appropriate in the Spartan system. Remember the contradiction in the spartan system where everybody is a similar almost in equal, but each one is vying for honor. which is not available universally to all. All of that leads to conservatism in foreign policy.
53 | 
54 | all the reasons could explain why the strongest military power in the Greece is reluctant to fight and their power is not to acquire economic benefits, what they focus on is discipline and the state versus freedom, individuality and even family. THere you have a strange society, a closed society that does not permit people to come and visit Sparta. 
55 | 
56 | ANd now we talk about the fully developed Spartan state there are no exercises of the art such as existed before this system was created. THere are no luxury legally in Sparta and there are few creature comforts. 


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/listening/金融新闻/1021-金融90.md:
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 1 | [托福119、雅思8.5带你精听美国金融新闻 90](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV15G41177KZ?) 
 2 | >The S&P **waffled around** the **flat** line before **slipping** around 0.3% Wednesday, settling at fresh closing low for the bear market.
 3 | waffle on/over 对 犹豫不决
 4 | the flat line 前一天的均线分时图
 5 | a third of one percent.  two thirds 2/3
 6 | fresh closing 又一历史新低  record low 历史新低
 7 | 
 8 | **Minutes** of the Federal Reserve's last meeting told the investors what they know too well: the Fed is willing to **err on the side** of tightening policy too much to fight inflation rather than too little, **aware** that it might cause further economic pain.
 9 | minutes 会议纪要
10 | err on the side of 过分表现出某种形式(好的方面 力求
11 | aware
12 | 


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/listening/金融新闻/1025-金融88.md:
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 1 | 【托福119、雅思8.5带你精听美国金融新闻 88】 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12T411P7Ur/?share_source=copy_web&vd_source=dbbb79377ff247a0d373b7eb14db90ec
 2 | 
 3 | wall street eagerly bid a du? to a week month and a quarter. 
 4 | the S&P500 ... about
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | Wall street eagerly bid **adieu** to a
 8 | miserable week, month and a quarter.
 9 | The Dow fell 500 points, or 1.7%.
10 | The S&P500 slid 1.5, the Nasdaq slid 1.5 to end the day.
11 | There is no denying the September **swoon** 
12 | came with a vengeance: for the month the Dow was down 8.8%
13 | 
14 | 
15 | bid 报价 出价  
16 | bid sb. sth. 
17 | bid sth. to sb. 向某人说 bid him good morning 向他道早安
18 | 
19 | bid adieu to 向..道别 == bid farewell to sb
20 | 
21 | swoon 痴迷 swoon over sb对某人痴迷 迷迷糊糊
22 | 
23 | ---
24 | 
25 | 【托福119、雅思8.5带你精听美国金融新闻 87】 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Te4y1H7xt/?share_source=copy_web&vd_source=dbbb79377ff247a0d373b7eb14db90ec
26 | 
27 | stock trade have fade this morning head into the final trading weekend September this major average has coming off a brutal week, atlanda president Ralfial Barstay signaling a little optimism this weekend.
28 | Bostic telling CBS face the nation expects jos loss as a result of the 
29 | temp down inflation. but he says the loss could be smaller what we have seen 
30 | ****
31 | --
32 | Stock **futures** are mixed this morning, stock futures 股票期货 mixed 涨跌不一
33 | heading into the final trading week of September. 
34 | The major **averages** are coming off a brutal week. 
35 | major averages 三大股指  come off 刚刚完成了sth 从sth 恢复过来
36 | 
37 | Atlanta Fed President Raphael Bostic signaling a little optimism this weekend. 美联储 联邦储备委员会+12个全国储备银行 arm
38 | Bostic telling CBS's Face the Nation, he expects job losses
39 | as a result of the Fed's action to **tamp** down inflation.
40 | but he says those losses could be smaller than what we've seen in other situations
41 | 
42 | tamp down 压制 压住
43 | 
44 | 
45 | 
46 | 


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/listening/金融新闻/1029-bussiness86.md:
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 1 | a tentative, indecisive stock market on a day after a bruising 4% drop in the broad indexes as investors reassess the path of inflation
 2 | and how much the Federal Reserve might need to slow the economy to get ahead of it.
 3 | 
 4 | tentative 暂时的
 5 | bruise 使受伤 bruising 伤害的
 6 | drop 下跌 drop in 再某方面的下跌
 7 | assess评估 
 8 | path 前进路线 路径
 9 | get ahead of sth 打败某事
10 | 
11 | the snp500 Wednesday wobbled between positive and negative territory before finishing higher by a third of a percent
12 | 
13 | wobble 摇摆 摇晃  between 再之间摇摆
14 | before 然后 
15 | 
16 | --- 
17 | 
18 | stocks rushed lower on a jarring inflation report dashing hopes by many investors that prices would cool to allow the Federal Reserve to pause their aggressive effort to slow the economy with interest rate increases sometime soon
19 | 
20 | rush lower 暴跌
21 | jar on sb.使人不安的
22 | dash hopes使某人希望破灭 == shatter sb's hopes 
23 | prices  物价
24 | sometime 未来某时候
25 | 
26 | the snp500 index tumbled 4.3% Tuesday undid five days' worth of gains
27 | tumble: 暴跌
28 | five days' worth 维持了五天的 
29 | i bought one dollar's worth of cabbage
30 | i've bought three months' worth of food for fear of the quarantine
31 |  
32 | ---
33 | 
34 | markets staged a melt up this Wednesday tries to shake off a three-week slide. with the Dow rasing higher by 435 points 1.3% the snp500 up 71 that's 1.8% and Nasdaq beat them all up 2.1% snapping a 7 days losing straight  7-day losing streak
35 | 
36 | stage 举行实施 stage a protest
37 | 
38 | melt down 大跌 melt up 上升 大涨
39 | shake sth off 把东西摆脱
40 | snap 非常迅速的终止
41 | streak 连续的一段时期 winning streak
42 | 
43 | 
44 | 


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/listening/金融新闻/1031-bussiness83.md:
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 1 | india
 2 | your excellency, thank u so much for joining the cnbC
 3 | my question has to be, a conversation around a cap on russian oil prices. will u support that
 4 | 
 5 | Dear excellency my first question has to be that a conversation around a cap on russian oil prices
 6 | 
 7 | excellency 阁下 Your Excellency His/Her Excellency Majesty 
 8 | conversation 探讨
 9 | cap 限定 上限 地方政府的预算上限 budget cap
10 | 
11 | no no listen is this that there are many conversations going on
12 | due to a large number of factors
13 | there is a shortage of supply . the demand is higher than the supply
14 | 
15 | OPEC has today taken a decision to circumscribe its oil production by 100,000 barrels 
16 | circumscribe 限制 by
17 | there is a talk on the price cap  there are lots of things
18 | diplomatic


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/listening/金融新闻/1101-金融91 82.md:
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 1 | a second rival union has voted down since last month tentative agreements between free rail companies rail unions and bidinaries stations.
 2 | issues has paid six times
 3 | 
 4 | 
 5 | a second railroad union has voted down last month's tentative agreement struck between freight rail companies, rail unions and the Biden Administration.
 6 | And the main issue is over paid sick time, which has become a main sticking point for union members.
 7 | 
 8 | union 工会  
 9 | tentative 试探型的
10 | strick struck 被达成的协议
11 | freight 货物 
12 | 拜登政府
13 | paid sick time 带薪假
14 | sticking point 问题的症结 谈判的僵持点
15 | 
16 | traditionally the rail companies have offered workers higher pay and generous short-term disability benefits instead.
17 | generous 大方的 in the short term 短期地
18 | disability 障碍 benefits 保险金
19 | 
20 | ---
21 | 
22 | stocks are keeping their momentum as we moving through the middle of the trading day.
23 | the DOW up about 300 points after the August jobs report, came in just below the estimates. 
24 | the Nasdaq leads the day after it finished, as the only average in the red yesterday.
25 | average 平均指数 the Dow Jones Industrial average
26 | the Nasdaq Composites
27 | in the red 在下跌
28 | 
29 | starbucks has announced a new CEO but that announcement is not getting a lot attraction to the investors shares are down (a) half of a point in early trading.
30 | gain attraction/get attraction 被支持
31 | 
32 | attraction with?这里的 with 不是和 根据某人的经验来看:  stand well with sb 被喜欢
33 | 
34 | fall by the wayside 被遗忘被拒绝
35 | 
36 | 


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/listening/金融新闻/1105-新闻81.md:
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 1 | us chew jumpabout three 
 2 | 第一句跪了
 3 | 
 4 | 全跪
 5 | 
 6 | US Crude jumped $3 a barrel yesterday and is up over 7% in the past week.
 7 | The **three-day** Jackson Hole Economic Symposium kicks off today.
 8 | investors will **be tuned in for** Fred chair J. Powell's speech on Friday.
 9 | Powell's **remarks and outlook** for possible **future rate hikes** are weighing on this week of trading.
10 | 
11 | Crude原油
12 | 
13 | 美联储年度会议 参看80 symposium 专题讨论会
14 | 
15 | 
16 | kick off 开启 
17 | tuned in 收听  remark 评论评价
18 | weigh on sb/sth 对某人某事形成重压 让某人某事非常压抑
19 | 
20 | 
21 | ---
22 | 
23 | the Fed's Jackson Hole gathering will bring a steady flow of predictions about where interest are  heading in the continuing fight against inflation. **While** Wall street doesn't expect any thing like a ~~decoration~~ declaration of victory against inflation  chair Powell and the acknowledgement that the economic has already slowed might be welcomed as a sign that much of the work of ~~receive rate increasing~~ recent rate increases has been down
24 | 
25 | while 虽然  但是


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/speaking/Oxford Word Skills  ... by Ruth Gairns  Stuart ... (z-lib.or.pdf:
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/speaking/readme.md:
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1 | oxford word skills: idioms and phrasal verbs 
2 | with answer
3 | 
4 | 
5 | 60 units of vocabulary presentation and practice.
6 |  each units: 1-3 pages
7 |  at end a review units on the whole topic


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/words.md:
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 1 | 10-28:
 2 | accusation 指控指责 n 
 3 | hew 砍倒 坚持 vt
 4 | breach 违反 打破 违背 v.n. --> preach
 5 | allege vt 宣称 断言
 6 | sanitary 卫生的
 7 | ominous 不祥的 
 8 | eloquent 雄辩的 有口才的
 9 | 
10 | 
11 | 10-30:
12 | every leaf speaks bliss to me, fluttering frome the autumn tree.
13 | 
14 | demean vt 贬低身份 低贱
15 | demeanor 举止 行为
16 | elude 逃避躲避 使人困惑 elusive elusion
17 | elude the law; elude payment;
18 | ensue 紧接着发生  what will ensue from this
19 | obfuscate 使得模糊 使困惑 
20 | aspersand &符号的名字
21 | 
22 | tentative 实验性的 暂时的 犹豫的 I'm intent on tentative retention of potential patents. tain ten tin == hold 拿住 contain entertain detain maintain pertain odtain tanabnle tanacious tenure tenancy continuous impertinet
23 | 
24 | 


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/writing/10/volum10.md:
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  1 | ## TESTB 
  2 | ### topic 1
  3 | 
  4 | <img src="./TESTB/1.png">
  5 | 
  6 | >Dear Sir or Madam,
  7 | Me and my friends had a wonderful dinner at your restaurant. How to say that, when I went to have the same steak at my place, I was wondering how hard cooking something can really be. It's just using the best meat that I have, with all the thing and little secretes from the recipe, after all this that I could only figure out what a great job that you have done to those beef. They are just amazing. So, last Thursday night, while hanging for a rather long time wondering the exhibition held by my friend Jack, with the mask on for a very long time, still trying to respond to people's questions, Jack suggested to have some well-cooked meat to fill us up, also to celebrate the success and completion of the long lasted event. 
  8 | Your steak house is of an exotic genre, from the outside we thought it's a good whisky bar, but with no expectation for the food. However, your professionalism just shocked us down. The wine, the music, together mixed with the aroma from the food... Just as fantastic and surprise as you gave to us! We really have to admit that you're a total genius.
  9 | Thanks again for the meal, as all the experiences. Also looking forward for your craft beer as well.
 10 | Best wishes,
 11 | Joseph
 12 | ### ans to 1
 13 | <img src="./TESTB/ans1.png">
 14 | 
 15 | ### comment on 1
 16 | >$1$ event, people, time all seemed common as water, as very general expressions used
 17 | $2$ seating arrangement--> **went out of the way** instead of surprise  easily accessible, /did not interfere with the dinner/i find it unusual these days other restaurant
 18 | TODO
 19 | $3$ current menu great deal of choice/ wine list 
 20 | $4$ i ordered/ pork fibs/delicious and sufficient /*if anything* maybe too large/manage to finish it
 21 | $5$ impressed with local and international wine/correct temperature/waiter etiquette/service was paramount
 22 | $6 enjoyed a delicious meal **at your establishment**
 23 | 
 24 | ### topic 2
 25 | 
 26 | <img src="./TESTB/2.png">
 27 | 
 28 | >Toys are one of the sweet memories for all of us when enjoying our worriless and innocent kids' moments. It's well noticed that, parents tend to buy a large number of toys, which benefits from the development of modern industry, however can be a challenge of environment in the future.
 29 | Toys are sweet, they are designed and developed ever back in long last history. Children are actually learning by playing toys, no matter it's a car or a barbie doll. Kids are developing their little brain in the progress of playing the toys they are given, by interacting with these little things. Also, toys are librating the parents from being "the toy" of their kids. So, the reason for parents to buy a lot of toys are clear, not to mention their love for the kid and under their begging for a lot of times.
 30 | Toys also have their problem once it's given to much. Like learning, you never learned only if you dig deep enough into one thing rather than take overviews of one thousand. Kids can be easily satisfied when given new gift, but they never learned from simple asking. With more stuff created in the market, we also create billions of waste and pollution to the environment. Kids are growing up and getting boring of their last toy, but environment can't really take too much.
 31 | However, in my opinion, toys are positive, especially in a world full of computer games. What I'm thinking of a great resolution is a proper combination of both computer and real toys, that parents should never leaning much over to only one side. 
 32 | 
 33 | ### ans to 2
 34 | <img src="./TESTB/ans2.png">
 35 | 
 36 | ### comment on 2
 37 | >$1$ a multitude of --> a lot of/ for their **offspring**/whether or not, **moot** point/phenomenon
 38 | $2$ fortunate/apart from /educational as well as fun/ **concerned** **parent** select to speed up child's acquisition of numbers and alphabet
 39 | $3$ **detrimental**/ hidden **pitfalls**/ showering them with toys/**concentration span** may suffer from too many tempting objects/
 40 | $5$ not as straightforward as it first appears/one of duties is informed choice ab**out buying **/
 41 | 
 42 | ---
 43 | 
 44 | ## TESTA
 45 | ### topic 1
 46 | <img src="./TESTA/1.png">
 47 | 
 48 | >Dear Paul,
 49 | As I told you, my application to the technology institute is permitted. I plan to finish a master degree in design of calculation and computer science for like two year. Thanks to the help with the applying materials and also, your native language skills.
 50 | So, by the time of next autumn, I'm coming to London to start my new semester. I plan to look for a part-time job in spare time, because you know, I'm not the type of person who can stay alone at the computer for a whole day. I think that some exercise and communication with local folks would be a very good opportunity to get into contact with this brand new environment for me. Since you have started your career in London, I'm very in need of your advice.
 51 | I don't think that I should start to work in the Internet companies, since it's just a part-time job and I really don't want it to be very complicated and consumes a lot of energy everyday. What do you think of work in a gym? Some time of free work out is also a benefit. Would you help me to look for some part-time jobs that you think I'm competent.
 52 | Your Sincerely,
 53 | Joseph
 54 | 
 55 | ### ans to 1
 56 | <img src="./TESTA/ans1.png">
 57 | 
 58 | ### comment to ans1
 59 | >$1$ departure time, drawing near/ preparations/ **enrolled at** an situation 
 60 | $2$ to assist covering the costs -->compensate/aimed to find a part-time job/**not only** the tuition fee, **but also** the accommodation, **not to say** the food 
 61 | $3$ house-cleaner /nanny/ wide social network /i'd be so grateful
 62 | 
 63 | ### topic 2
 64 | <img src="./TESTA/2.png">
 65 | 
 66 | >As is stated, the crime rate is raising among the majority of countries, which usually happens to mostly undeveloped nations like countries in Africa of South America, where the drugs and gangsters become a problem along the modern history. But now, even in countries like the US, more and more crime problems have become a serious society issue under both parties' concern.
 67 | For most undeveloped countries, there is hardly a strong and powerful government who can take care of citizens' public security. Public security is a basic but fundamental structure in the nation's governance. Poor countries are often in short hands of social resources, and often not in good status when establishing the country ever since. Like the bases of a building, the public security issue becomes more of a problem once the country started to heading for economic growth, as if the building goes higher, the unstable bases cause an evident shake on top.
 68 | However, things are not the same in developed countries, especially for US, and other old, well-developed nations in EU. These countries are mostly bothered with illegal immigrants and drug dealing problems, which are often from the outside, from those poor and undeveloped countries as we mentioned above. In today's world, it's hard to step aside and only focusing on domestic economic development, a stable and peaceful global environment is also required, which I believe is more important for the developed ones.
 69 | In all, to deal with the crime issue is not a domestic problem. Powerful countries should work together to create a better cross-country global relation as we founded  UN last century, so that countries can communicate and really come to deal with crime issue.
 70 | 
 71 | ### ans to 2: but a bad answer
 72 | >I am going to write about how the amount of crime is increasing in many countries and why.
 73 | Nowadays there are many countries has increasing on the amount of crime and I think the problem is that mast of the crime has done by the young people which is under 18 and from the age you can see and you can understand what is going on but in my opinion I think the main causes is the family and the school,the family I mean th mom an dad they have to look after their teenagers until they grow up and do not le them watch films which has a fight or blood, the school is the same as the second house for the teenagers and they have to teach them how to grow up in good way and teach them how to respect the old people.
 74 | For example I have been told from my oldest brother that in the UK 2 years ago a boy from Qatar he is l years old has Killed by groups of teenagers in Haisting and the killed him without any reasons and when the Police asked them why did you do that they said we want to show of we are the best.So you can say they learn from the action movies.
 75 | Finally I hope all the people can help the teenagers to give them advice and to let the know what will happen after the crime Also in schools they must teach them how to avoid the bad movies and to grow up in safe way
 76 | 
 77 | ### comment on ans2
 78 | >Both parts of the prompt are addressed,although the main ideas and the writer's
 79 | position could be better developed. No clear conclusions are drawn so there is a
 80 | lack of overall progression.Organisation is evident but not always logical,and the
 81 | sentences are not fluently linked to each other,while each paragraph lacks a clear
 82 | topic.**The vocabulary is limited but minimally adequate**,with not much variation
 83 | in expression,and the frequent **spelling errors** are noticeable and cause some
 84 | difficulty for the reader.**The range of sentence types is limited and rather repetitive**
 85 | Complex sentences are attempted but tend to be faulty,and there are a number of
 86 | basic errors.Punctuation is poorly controlled,with underuse of capital letters and
 87 | fullstops                                  
 88 | 
 89 | ---
 90 | 
 91 | ## TEST4
 92 | 
 93 | ### topic 1
 94 | <img src="./TEST4/1.png">
 95 | 
 96 | >Salmon fish is more than a adorable dish for human. Along their life they've been traveling around for a really long journey instinctively, taught by mother nature.
 97 | Salmon fish is raised under seeds, among the small stones. That's where they have been used for generations, where the mature ones come back to. Usually it's upper stream of a river so the flow is slow and peace. Little salmon fishes come out from the eggs and stay there for around five to six month so they can grow. During this  childhood time they are actually very small, around 3 to 8cm and are called "fry".
 98 | When they grow up, they find themselves bigger and settling along the river to the fast flow lower part, where they get more space and nutrition. This time can be considered as teenager time, for about four years, finally they are over 10cm and are called "smoft".
 99 | When salmon fishes are mature, they will head for the open sea to become a sea animal. In the ocean the salmon fishes are about to stay for approximately 5 year to become an "adult salmon", and their size varies from 70 to 76cm. The adult fish will then swim back to the birth place to lay eggs and finally die there, leaving the offsprings where the parents used to grow up. And that the life cycle of a salmon.
100 | 
101 | ### ans to 1
102 | 
103 | >Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed,hidden among reeds in the slow-
104 | moving upper reaches of a river.After five to six months the eggs hatch into 'fry'.
105 | For approximately the next four years,these baby salmon will live in the lower,
106 | faster-flowing waters of their river.During this time they measure between three
107 | and eight centimetres in length
108 | By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres,they are termed 'smolt',and
109 | at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea.After five years at sea
110 | the salmon will have grown to adult size,which is between seventy and seventy-six
111 | centimetres.They then begin swimming back to their birthplace,where they will lay
112 | their eggs,and the cycle starts anew.
113 | In summary,the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows
114 | to maturity.Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location.
115 | It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish's life occur in a freshwater
116 | environment,while the third stage is lived in saltwater.
117 | 
118 | ### comment on 1
119 | >This model has been prepared by an examiner as an example of a very good answer.
120 | However,please note that this is just one example out of many possible approaches.
121 | 
122 | >$1$ pebbly 多砾石的 声音刺耳的/ riverbed/hatch into 
123 | $2$ fast-flowing/ they measure between in lenth
124 | $3$ by the time reach centimeters/ they are termed 'smolt'/migrate/ grown to adult size / circle starts anew adv.再一次
125 | $4$ 这一段要对比 题目的 要求 3 distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity/ each of the stages takes place in a different aquatic location/ It's noteworthy/first two occur in fresh water env while the third stage in saltwater.
126 | 
127 | ### topic 2
128 | <img src="./TEST4/2.png">
129 | 
130 | >When it comes to museum, I really have a clear impression that before 4th grade, all the museum charges for an entrance fee, including the public ones. But one day around 2010, all the public museum in China stopped to sell tickets, which means they are free. Admissions are acquired by ID registration. This thing has shocked me ever because I was a great museum fan. As a kid then, I'm also keen on collecting the tickets of different museums, which are so sophisticated and well-designed and can actually be used as a mail card.此处 明信片 存疑 which museums serve no more since they get free.
131 | So above I'm talking about the disadvantages of museums charge for free in my childhood. The beautiful ticket thing also means more. The service and attitude of the employees can be also deducted, and what's more, is truly happening. Also the number of people. Once there were small amount of people who paid to really come to appreciate the legacy and precious treasure of history, but now crowds of noisy people come, maybe only desiring the air-conditioning. More people take pictures with the flash light on, which is prohibited. However, few employees now would bother to say that because it's almost impossible to persuade crowds and crowds of people.
132 | When the ticket is free of charge, there comes other stuff to compensate. That's what Oscar Wilde once said the price that you always pay. Not only the exhibitions stopped the monthly change, but it's also noticeable that those free museum are moving out the exhibition room for selling souvenir, coffee and even food, which might be too much for me now even if I'm no longer a museum fan. 
133 | In my opinion, museums should charge people than making it free. Though making museum a public space is a good idea in many aspects, I still think that if it can charge only a very small amount of money, the management can be improved by a huge step.
134 | 
135 | ### ans to 2 
136 | 
137 | <img src="./TEST4/ans2.png">
138 | 
139 | ### comment on 2
140 | > postcards


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/writing/write&improve/1.An email.md:
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 1 | Your friend Alex has invited you to a party this Saturday afternoon but you can’t go.
 2 | 
 3 | 
 4 | Write an email to Alex. In your email:
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | apologise to Alex
 8 | explain why you can’t go
 9 | suggest another day when you could meet.
10 | 
11 | Write your email in about 100 words.
12 | 
13 | ---
14 | 
15 | Dear Alex,
16 | I'm so sorry that I cannot come to your party on Saturday. This is totally unexpected and I have to write for your excuse.
17 | The reason for my absense is that there is an urgent call from my doctor Jeff that he suggest to meet me in person and he is going to leave town for quite a long time. Jeff and his family will go on a trip on Sunday and he would have the last meeting for my throat hurting problem, which you know, has been a lot better since Jeff took my case. So, I will have to visit Jeff and thank him for all the efforts he made and of course, take some final suggestions.
18 | It's a great pity not going to the party, I know, we've been planning this for a month and again, I feel so sorry and hope you can understand me, I really need Jeff's support. And I'm thinking about hold another party next time at my house and hope it can conpensate next time.
19 | Yours,
20 | Joseph
21 | 
22 | ---
23 | 
24 | Great! Your writing level is B1. Now try to improve your writing to raise your level. Use the feedback to revise your writing. Then, click Check again.
25 | 


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/writing/write&improve/2.general trianing.md:
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1 | ## Helping the community
2 | total score:  6.5
3 | after correcting : 7
4 | time: 35min
5 | 


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/writing/write&improve/c15test1.md:
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 1 | ## essay1
 2 | ---
 3 | 
 4 | The chart below shows the results of a survey about people's coffee and tea buying and drinking habits in five Australian cities.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features，and make comparisons where relevant.
 5 | 
 6 | ---
 7 | 
 8 | This is a chart shows the coffee and tea preferences of five Australian cities. The statistics compare the percentage of city residents buying fresh coffee, instant coffee and the the times of going to the cafe in last four weeks.
 9 | 
10 | In general, the chart shows that Brisbane and Adelaide are having less percentage of people consuming tea or coffee. And we can see a trend of preference on going to the cafe in most cities. The percentage of this  item alone can take up to 60% in Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart.  Well in Brisbane it is a little ovet 55%, but in Adelaide, which is the least, this is lower than 50%. And Adelaide is the only city where the percetage of resident choose to buy instant coffe than actually going to a cafe, which can be regraded as unusual among Australia.
11 | 
12 | The percentage of buying fresh coffee is the least in all cities.  We could probably guess that it is not as convenient as instant coffee and customers would have to wait for a considerably period of time. However, when people actually get some time, they would consider going to a cafe to kill some time.
13 | 
14 | In conclusion, habits of coffee and tea buying and drinking vary from different cities in Australia, but also have something in common among all the cities.
15 | 
16 | ---
17 | 
18 | 你的作文总体来说写得不错。你对图表中的信息进行了概括，并对不同城市之间的数据进行了比较。但是，你的作文中有一些语法和拼写错误，例如：
19 | 
20 | - "This is a chart shows" 应改为 "This chart shows"。
21 | - "the the times of going to the cafe" 应改为 "the number of times people went to a cafe"。
22 | - "Brisbane and Adelaide are having less percentage of people consuming tea or coffee" 应改为 "Brisbane and Adelaide have a lower percentage of people consuming tea or coffee"。
23 | - "Well in Brisbane it is a little ovet 55%" 应改为 "While in Brisbane it is a little over 55%"。
24 | - "Adelaide is the only city where the percetage of resident choose to buy instant coffe than actually going to a cafe" 应改为 "Adelaide is the only city where the percentage of residents who choose to buy instant coffee is higher than those who actually go to a cafe"。
25 | 
26 | 此外，你的作文中也有一些句子不够流畅，可以考虑重新组织一下语言。例如：
27 | 
28 | - "The percentage of this item alone can take up to 60% in Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart." 可以改为 "In Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart, the percentage of people who went to a cafe in the last four weeks can reach up to 60%."
29 | 
30 | 总体来说，你的作文得分为6分。希望我的建议能够帮助你更好地完成下一篇作文。
31 | 
32 | ---
33 | 
34 | 当然可以。下面是一篇7.5分以上的雅思写作示范：
35 | 
36 | The chart illustrates the coffee and tea buying and drinking habits of people in five Australian cities. It compares the percentage of residents who bought fresh coffee, instant coffee, and the number of times they went to a cafe in the last four weeks.
37 | 
38 | Overall, it can be seen that the percentage of people who went to a cafe in the last four weeks is the highest among all three categories in all cities except Adelaide. In Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart, this percentage can reach up to 60%, while in Brisbane it is slightly over 55%. In contrast, Adelaide has the lowest percentage of people who went to a cafe in the last four weeks, at less than 50%.
39 | 
40 | Interestingly, Adelaide is also the only city where the percentage of residents who bought instant coffee is higher than those who went to a cafe. This could suggest that residents in Adelaide prefer the convenience of instant coffee over going to a cafe.
41 | 
42 | In terms of fresh coffee purchases, the percentage is relatively low in all cities. This could indicate that buying fresh coffee is not as popular as going to a cafe or buying instant coffee.
43 | 
44 | In conclusion, the chart shows that there are some variations in coffee and tea buying and drinking habits among different cities in Australia. However, going to a cafe seems to be a common preference among residents in most cities.
45 | 
46 | ---
47 | 
48 | ## essay2
49 | 
50 | ---
51 | 
52 | In some countries, owning a home rather than renting one is very important for people.Why might this be the case?Do you think this is a positive or negative situation?
53 | 
54 | ---
55 | 
56 | When it comes to house owning, different countries take different views. But in some countries that people tend to own a house rather than renting one. This is considered as an important factor of people due to some of the following reasons in my opinion.One reason is that owing a house shows the economic wealth in general. In most cities, houses are the most recognized real estate and it usually would take a large amount of fortune to purchase one. So owning a house shows one person is finacially independent and usually has a success in career, which is important to value people's position in society.Another reason is that if we think it over, if the society has a complete and healthy distribution system and takes care of every one, people will be less anxious about owning a house so it can be a much less important aspect of valuing a person.  So, the level of importance a house is regarded for people is actually a sign of great gap between the rich and the poor, because only a few people are capable of owning a house.So, in my opinion, this is a rather negative sign of cosidering a house as much  an important aspect for a person. Some greatest person never really own a house ever, even they are far richer than posessing some of the nicest ones. I think in a healthy society, house is just like other necessitis in life, is something everyone can have, but not a tool designed for making people feel much of a burden, which in some countries, young people would have to pay the mortgage for 20 or 30 years, spending their whole life on it. In conclusion, house is important in people's lives but I think it should not be taken so serious as in some countries. People should love their lives, not their houses alone.p
57 | 
58 | ---
59 | 
60 | 你的作文总体来说写得不错。你对题目中的问题进行了分析，并给出了自己的观点。但是，你的作文中有一些语法和拼写错误，例如：
61 | 
62 | - "But in some countries that people tend to own a house rather than renting one." 应改为 "But in some countries, people tend to own a house rather than rent one."
63 | - "This is considered as an important factor of people due to some of the following reasons in my opinion." 应改为 "In my opinion, this is considered an important factor for people due to some of the following reasons."
64 | - "One reason is that owing a house shows the economic wealth in general." 应改为 "One reason is that owning a house generally shows economic wealth."
65 | - "So owning a house shows one person is finacially independent and usually has a success in career" 应改为 "So owning a house shows that a person is financially independent and usually has a successful career"
66 | - "Another reason is that if we think it over, if the society has a complete and healthy distribution system and takes care of every one" 应改为 "Another reason is that if we think about it, if society has a complete and healthy distribution system and takes care of everyone"
67 | 
68 | 此外，你的作文中也有一些句子不够流畅，可以考虑重新组织一下语言。例如：
69 | 
70 | - "So, the level of importance a house is regarded for people is actually a sign of great gap between the rich and the poor, because only a few people are capable of owning a house." 可以改为 "Therefore, the level of importance placed on homeownership can actually be seen as a sign of the gap between the rich and the poor, as only a few people are capable of owning a house."
71 | 
72 | 总体来说，你的作文得分为6.5分。希望我的建议能够帮助你更好地完成下一篇作文。
73 | 
74 | ---
75 | 
76 | 当然可以。下面是一篇7.5分以上的雅思写作示范：
77 | 
78 | In some countries, owning a home is considered more important than renting one. There are several reasons why this might be the case.
79 | 
80 | One reason is that owning a home can provide a sense of security and stability. When people own their own home, they have control over their living environment and do not have to worry about rent increases or eviction. This can provide peace of mind and a sense of permanence.
81 | 
82 | Another reason is that owning a home can be seen as a sign of financial success and social status. In many societies, homeownership is associated with wealth and success. Owning a home can also provide a sense of accomplishment and pride.
83 | 
84 | However, whether this situation is positive or negative depends on the individual and the society in which they live. On the one hand, homeownership can provide many benefits, such as security and stability. On the other hand, placing too much emphasis on homeownership can create pressure and stress for those who are unable to afford it.
85 | 
86 | In conclusion, the importance placed on homeownership varies from country to country and from individual to individual. While it can provide many benefits, it is important for societies to ensure that everyone has access to safe and affordable housing, regardless of whether they own or rent.
87 | 


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/writing/write&improve/c15test2.md:
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  1 | ## essay1
  2 | 
  3 | ---
  4 | 
  5 | The chart below shows what Anthropology graduates from one university did after finishing their undergraduate degree course.The table shows the salaries of the anthropologists in work after five years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
  6 | 
  7 | ---
  8 | 
  9 | The chart below shows what Anthropology graduates from one university did after finishing their undergraduate degree course.The table shows the salaries of the anthropologists in work after five years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
 10 | 
 11 | 
 12 | 
 13 | ---
 14 | 
 15 | 你的作文总体来说写得不错。你对图表中的信息进行了很好的总结和比较。但是，你的作文中有一些语法和用词方面的问题。
 16 | 
 17 | 例如，在第二段中，你写道：“We can see most of students choose full-time jobs and 12% of students don’t get employed, but there are also another 8% of students remains unknown so the overall employment rate is about 80%。”这句话中，“most of students”应该改为“most students”，“another 8% of students remains unknown”应该改为“another 8% of students remain unknown”。
 18 | 
 19 | 此外，在第三段中，你写道：“The salary range of government sector are tending to be higer.”这句话中，“are tending to be higer”应该改为“tends to be higher”。
 20 | 
 21 | 总体来说，你的作文得分为6分。希望我的建议能够帮助你改进写作技能。😊
 22 | 
 23 | ---
 24 | 
 25 | 好的，这是一篇7.5分以上的作文：
 26 | 
 27 | The pie chart and table provide information about the employment status and salaries of anthropology graduates from one university.
 28 | 
 29 | From the pie chart, it can be seen that the majority of graduates, 60%, were employed in full-time work. A further 20% were engaged in part-time work or study, while 12% were unemployed. The remaining 8% of graduates’ employment status was unknown.
 30 | 
 31 | The table shows the salaries of graduates working in different sectors after five years. It is evident that those working in the government sector had the highest salaries, with 50% earning over $100k. Graduates working for private companies also had relatively high salaries, with 30% earning over $100k. Freelance consultants had a wider range of salaries, with some earning over $100k and others earning less than $30k.
 32 | 
 33 | In conclusion, the majority of anthropology graduates from this university were employed in full-time work within five years of graduation, with those working in the government sector earning the highest salaries.
 34 | 
 35 | 希望这篇作文能够给你一些启发。😊
 36 | 
 37 | ---
 38 | 
 39 | ## essay2
 40 | 
 41 | In some cultures, children are often told that they can achieve anything if they try hard enough.
 42 | 
 43 | What are the advantages and disadvantages of giving children this message?
 44 | 
 45 | ---
 46 | 
 47 | It is a known fact that children are told to be capable to do anything as long as they work hard enough. This culture can be positve and negative in different eyes.
 48 | 
 49 | As for the advantages, children are gaining lots of confidence if they were told to achieve their dreams in their young ages. Kids are of great possibilities, they should be brave enough to go for whatever dreams they have and as adults, for example, teachers and parents, it is their responsibility to encourage their children, help them become brave men with dreams. This is a postitve environment for kids to have postitive actitude towards life and success. They will work hard, and gain a certain amount of success while growing up.
 50 | 
 51 | But this can also be bad, or even harmful, if the grown up keeps telling so. It is important to tell kids to work hard, to let them be brave, but it is more important for kids to be strong. We should also let kids know that there are things probably never achieved. It is okay to give up sometimes. Being strong and resilient means you should know when to withdraw and keep some strength for more meaningful things. If you are in a dead end of road, it's not a shame to come back. In this situation, too much burden and blame for not working hard enough can be harmful for children's psychological health.
 52 | 
 53 | ---
 54 | 
 55 | 这是一道雅思写作题目。你可以从以下几个方面来回答这个问题：
 56 | 
 57 | 优点：
 58 | 1. 鼓励孩子们努力学习和奋斗，帮助他们建立自信心和积极的人生态度。
 59 | 2. 帮助孩子们树立远大的理想和目标，激发他们的潜能和创造力。
 60 | 3. 培养孩子们的责任心和毅力，帮助他们克服困难和挑战。
 61 | 
 62 | 缺点：
 63 | 1. 可能会给孩子们带来过大的压力和焦虑，影响他们的身心健康。
 64 | 2. 可能会导致孩子们对自己的能力产生过高的期望，从而导致挫折感和自卑感。
 65 | 3. 可能会忽略孩子们的个性差异和兴趣爱好，限制他们的发展空间。
 66 | 
 67 | 你可以根据这些观点来撰写你的作文。😊
 68 | 
 69 | ---
 70 | 我的
 71 | 
 72 | It is a known fact that children are told to be capable to do anything as long as they work hard enough. This culture can be positve and negative in different eyes.
 73 | 
 74 | As for the advantages, children are gaining lots of confidence if they were told to achieve their dreams in their young ages. Kids are of great possibilities, they should be brave enough to go for whatever dreams they have and as adults, for example, teachers and parents, it is their responsibility to encourage their children, help them become brave men with dreams. This is a postitve environment for kids to have postitive actitude towards life and success. They will work hard, and gain a certain amount of success while growing up.
 75 | 
 76 | But this can also be bad, or even harmful, if the grown up keeps telling so. It is important to tell kids to work hard, to let them be brave, but it is more important for kids to be strong. We should also let kids know that there are things probably never achieved. It is okay to give up sometimes. Being strong and resilient means you should know when to withdraw and keep some strength for more meaningful things. If you are in a dead end of road, it's not a shame to come back. In this situation, too much burden and blame for not working hard enough can be harmful for children's psychological health.
 77 | 
 78 | To sum up, it is good to encourage kids to work hard, but when this goes to far, the outcome can be the opposite.
 79 | 
 80 | ---
 81 | 
 82 | 你的作文写得很好。你对题目中的问题进行了全面而深入的分析，论述了告诉孩子们他们能够通过努力实现任何目标这一观点的优缺点。
 83 | 
 84 | 在语言方面，你的作文表达流畅，用词准确。但是，你的作文中也有一些小错误。例如，在第二段中，你写道：“This culture can be positve and negative in different eyes.”这句话中，“positve”应该改为“positive”。
 85 | 
 86 | 总体来说，你的作文得分为7分。希望我的建议能够帮助你进一步提高写作能力。😊
 87 | 
 88 | ---
 89 | 
 90 | 当然可以。下面是一篇7.5分以上的作文供你参考：
 91 | 
 92 | In some cultures, children are often told that they can achieve anything if they try hard enough. While this message can have some positive effects, it also has its drawbacks.
 93 | 
 94 | On the one hand, telling children that they can achieve anything through hard work can be a powerful motivator. It can encourage them to set high goals for themselves and to strive to reach their full potential. This message can also help to build children’s self-confidence and resilience, as they learn to overcome obstacles and persevere in the face of challenges.
 95 | 
 96 | On the other hand, this message can also have some negative consequences. For one thing, it can create unrealistic expectations and set children up for disappointment and frustration. Not everyone can achieve everything they want, no matter how hard they try. Furthermore, this message can put undue pressure on children to succeed, leading to stress and anxiety.
 97 | 
 98 | In conclusion, while telling children that they can achieve anything through hard work has its advantages, it is important to balance this message with a realistic understanding of the limitations and challenges that everyone faces. By doing so, we can help children to develop a healthy and positive attitude towards achievement and success.
 99 | 
100 | 希望这篇作文能够给你一些启发。😊
101 | 
102 | ----
103 | 


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/writing/write&improve/c15test4.md:
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  1 | ## essay1
  2 | 
  3 | The graph below shows the number of tourists visiting a particular Caribbean island between 2010 and 2017.
  4 | 
  5 | 
  6 | Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features，and make comparisons where relevant.
  7 | 
  8 | ---
  9 | 
 10 | This line graph shows the number of tourists visiting Caribbean island between 2010 and 2017.
 11 | 
 12 | It is clear to see the numbers of visitors has trippled in total. In 2010, there are 1 million visitors and the number is 3.5 million by 2017. 
 13 | 
 14 | The numbers of visitors shows a steady increase before 2014, with half a million increase each year. After 2014, in the following two years of time, merely no increase can be seen. However, in 2017, a large leap of growing in numbers is shown, pushing the total visitor number to 3.5 million.
 15 | 
 16 | The visitors are divided in two catagories, one stay on cruise ships and the other stay on island. 
 17 | 
 18 | In 2010, tourists tended to stay on island and the number prevails those stay on cruise ships. But in 2016, the number of people staying on island decreases. More people came to Caribbean on cruise ships and the number is over that on island for the first time. And in 2017 we can see the gap grows larger, to about half a million. 
 19 | 
 20 | We are suspecting a continuous growing of people visiting Caribbean and more of them will come over by cruise ships in the future.
 21 | 
 22 | ---
 23 | 
 24 | 好的，以下是对您的作文进行的检查和评分：
 25 | 
 26 | 总体来说，您的作文表达清晰，对图表中的主要特征进行了描述。然而，您的作文存在一些错误和问题，例如语法和拼写错误，以及一些表述不够准确和明晰。下面是您的作文的具体评分：
 27 | 
 28 | 任务响应：6分（能够清晰地描述图表中的主要特征并进行比较）
 29 | 
 30 | 语言特征：5分（存在一些语法和拼写错误，表述不够准确和明晰，但整体上表达清晰）
 31 | 
 32 | 总分：11分（满分为9分）
 33 | 
 34 | 以下是对您的作文进行的一些具体建议和修改：
 35 | 
 36 | 在文章开头，应该提供更全面和具体的信息，例如图表的类型，日期范围，以及图表所示数据的单位。这些信息有助于更好地理解和描述图表。
 37 | 
 38 | 使用更准确和恰当的词汇和表达方式，尽量避免过度泛泛的描述。例如，在描述“游客”时，可以使用“tourists”或“visitors”而不是“people”。
 39 | 
 40 | 在描述趋势和变化时，尽量使用具体的数字和数据来支持您的观点。例如，在描述游客数量的增长时，可以提供更具体的数字和百分比，以便更好地说明趋势。
 41 | 
 42 | 注意使用正确的语法和拼写，尽量避免错误和笔误。例如，在文章中，“trippled”应该是“tripled”，而“catagories”应该是“categories”。
 43 | 
 44 | 最后，确保您的文章结构清晰明了，逻辑清晰。在描述图表的数据时，可以按时间顺序或数据类别进行分类，以便更好地组织和展示信息。
 45 | 
 46 | 好的，我来帮您修改您的文章，以达到更高的分数。以下是您的修改后的文章：
 47 | 
 48 | The line graph illustrates the number of tourists who visited a Caribbean island between 2010 and 2017.
 49 | 
 50 | Overall, it is evident that the total number of visitors tripled during the period shown, from 1 million in 2010 to 3.5 million in 2017.
 51 | 
 52 | In terms of the trend, the graph indicates that the number of visitors showed a steady increase before 2014, with an annual increase of around half a million. However, between 2014 and 2016, there was a stagnation in growth, and no significant increase can be seen. Nevertheless, in 2017, there was a considerable surge in the number of tourists, which pushed the total visitor count to 3.5 million.
 53 | 
 54 | The tourists can be classified into two categories: those who stay on the island and those who came on cruise ships. In 2010, the majority of the tourists stayed on the island, and the number of visitors who stayed on the island exceeded those who came on cruise ships. However, in 2016, the number of tourists who stayed on the island decreased, and more people came to the Caribbean on cruise ships, and the number of visitors on cruise ships exceeded those who stayed on the island for the first time. The gap between these two categories grew larger in 2017, with the number of visitors arriving on cruise ships exceeding those staying on the island by approximately half a million.
 55 | 
 56 | In conclusion, the graph indicates a continuous growth in the number of tourists visiting the Caribbean, with an increasing number of visitors arriving via cruise ships.
 57 | 
 58 | ---
 59 | 
 60 | ## essay2
 61 | 
 62 | In the future, nobody will buy printed newspapers or books because they will be able to read everything they want online without paying.
 63 | 
 64 | 
 65 | To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
 66 | 
 67 | ---
 68 | 
 69 | There is a growing trend of view for purchasing no newspaper as free news can be achieved online in the futhre. I partly agree with this assertion. I partly agree with this idea. It is a clear picture that everything is turning online, but not all of them are free. 
 70 | 
 71 | Firstly, it is a known fact that the printed version of books and newspapers are kind of coming to their ends. As methods for keeping and spreading information and knowledge, paper-based media has made magnificent efforts in human history. With the development of technology, the media itself has also been evolving. Nowadays, the media of knowledge relies heavily on computers and internet, which is a more shared and convinient form of spreading knowledge. People like me would randomly buy some books just to memorize how it was read in the past and newspaper is merely needed, due to it's temporary usage. And there is another use that printed copy should never be totally replaced, which is that it is the natural real copy of the cyber one. In case there are any computer virus and data loss, the printed version is the final rescue.
 72 | 
 73 | But can we conclude that everything will be open access online without paying? I don't think so. On the one hand, internet is just another media, like paper, the maintainance would require a certain amount of cost. This underlying cost is often missed when we refer to free of charge as watching free news. It is actually paid through your phone bill. On the other hand, rumors and lies are also spreading over the internet, due to it's conveniency, therefore, we need authorities to publish and take the response for things like book copyright and the genuity of news. Also if we want to have first-hand information, paying is always required. 
 74 | 
 75 | To sum up, although in many ways the printed versions of newspapers and books are replaced by online versions, there are still irreplacable usage for printed versions. When it comes to payment, due to the conveniency of internet, the cost for spreading information has been cut down to 
 76 | nearly zero. But there is still some money you need to pay for information, especially on high quality ones.
 77 | 
 78 | ---
 79 | 
 80 | 好的，以下是对您的作文进行的检查和评分：
 81 | 
 82 | 任务响应：7分（能够明确表述自己对题目的态度并提出了相关的论点和例子）
 83 | 
 84 | 语言特征：6分（有些语法错误，但整体足够清晰和准确）
 85 | 
 86 | 总分：13分（满分为9分）
 87 | 
 88 | 以下是对您的文章进行的一些具体建议和修改：
 89 | 
 90 | 在文章开头，需要更清晰明确地表达自己的观点和立场，例如“我部分同意这个观点”或“我认为这个观点有一定的正确性”。
 91 | 
 92 | 在语言表达方面，需要更仔细地检查和修改语法错误和拼写错误，以保证文章的准确性和清晰度。例如，“view”应该是“viewpoint”，“convinient”应该是“convenient”，“genuity”应该是“genuineness”。
 93 | 
 94 | 在论述观点时，需要提供更具体和丰富的例子和论据，以支持自己的观点。例如，在谈论网上信息获得的成本时，可以提供更详细的解释和例子。
 95 | 
 96 | 需要更清晰地组织和结构化文章，以确保逻辑和论点的清晰度。可以使用段落和标题来更好地组织和分隔不同的论点和主题。
 97 | 
 98 | 最后，需要注意语言的流畅性和自然性，尽量避免过于简单或生硬的表达方式。可以多练习和阅读，以提高自己的语言表达能力和水平。
 99 | 
100 | ---
101 | 
102 | 好的，我来帮您修改您的文章，以达到更高的分数。以下是您的修改后的文章：
103 | 
104 | The future of printed newspapers and books is uncertain due to the increasing popularity of online news. While I agree that more and more people are turning to the internet for their news and reading material, I believe that not everything will be available for free online.
105 | 
106 | It is true that paper-based media has played an important role in human history for keeping and spreading knowledge. However, with the development of technology, the media itself has evolved. Nowadays, people have greater access to knowledge through computers and the internet. While some people still prefer reading printed books, newspapers, and magazines, many are now turning to digital versions for their convenience and accessibility.
107 | 
108 | However, it is unlikely that everything will be available for free online in the future. The internet is just another medium, and the maintenance and operation of this medium require a certain amount of investment and cost. Although some news websites and publications offer their content for free, many reputable sources require a subscription or payment of some kind to access their content. For example, academic journals and research papers are not available for free online, and people have to pay to access them.
109 | 
110 | Moreover, it is important to have authorities that can regulate and manage the online content to ensure the genuineness and accuracy of news and information. In addition, printed copies of books and papers have the advantage of being the natural, tangible copies of digital files, and they serve as a backup in case of data loss or computer failure.
111 | 
112 | In conclusion, while the popularity of online news and reading material is on the rise, it is unlikely that everything will be available for free online in the future. The internet is just another medium, and its maintenance and operation require a certain amount of investment and cost. Additionally, printed copies of books and newspapers have their own advantages and serve as a backup in case of data loss or computer failure. Therefore, both printed and digital media will continue to coexist in the future.
113 | 


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/writing/write&improve/c16test1.md:
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  1 | 我会先发送给你题目，然后发送给你我的答案。
  2 | >这是题目：The charts below show the changes in ownership of electrical appliances and amount of time spent doing housework in households in one country between 1920 and 2019. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.
  3 | 
  4 | >In the comparison between the hours of housework and the percentage of electrical appliances, we can see a big trend of working hours declining with the population of all kinds of domestic appliances. After a century, the number of hours doing housework per week has gone from approximately 50 hours to 10, which means about 40 hours of housework labour is saved, which is often token by women, that is a huge progress of improvement that the development of technology helps to free human labour.
  5 |  The we take a closer look into the data of different catagories of household appliances. First is refrigerator, which is invented around 1920 and rapidly accepted by all families for its irreplaceable use of keeping food fresh. Vacuum cleaner is another item that every family keeps at their home at around 2000. But we can see that the washing machine is until now not been owned 100 percent by all families. And it is also the only appliance that had been through a decline in the 1960s, perhaps caused by energy prise and water shortage. And we can tell that from common sense, some of the clothes are not suitable for machine wash, which is another reason.
  6 | 
  7 | 
  8 | >Thank you for sharing your essay with me. Here are some suggestions to help you improve your writing:
  9 | 
 10 |  Introduction: Your introduction should provide an overview of the main features of the charts and indicate what comparisons you will be making. However, your introduction does not mention the ownership of electrical appliances, which is a key aspect of the charts. Also, it would be better to start with a clearer thesis statement that summarizes your main points.
 11 | 
 12 |  Lack of data: You mention the decline in hours spent on housework, but you do not provide any data to support this claim. It would be better to use specific figures from the charts to illustrate the trend.
 13 | 
 14 |  Use of language: There are several grammar and vocabulary mistakes in your essay. For example, "often token" should be "often taken," "that is a huge progress of improvement" should be "which represents significant progress," and "catagories" should be "categories." It is important to proofread your work carefully and use appropriate vocabulary and grammar to convey your ideas clearly.
 15 | 
 16 |  Organization: Your essay would benefit from better organization. It is important to separate the different aspects of the charts and focus on each one separately. In addition, you should provide more specific details and examples to support your arguments.
 17 | 
 18 |  Overall, your essay shows potential, but there is room for improvement. I hope these suggestions will be helpful in refining your writing.
 19 | 
 20 | 
 21 | 
 22 | 好的，我会帮你检查语法和措辞。以下是我的建议：
 23 | 
 24 | “In the comparision between the hours of housework and the percentage of electrical appliances” 应改为 “In the comparison between the hours spent on housework and the ownership of electrical appliances”.
 25 | “we can see a big trend of working hours declining with the population of all kinds of domestic appliances” 应改为 “we can see a clear trend of declining working hours with the increasing ownership of various domestic appliances”.
 26 | “After a century, the number of hours doing housework per week has gone from approximately 50 hours to 10” 应改为 “Over a century, the number of hours spent on housework per week has decreased from approximately 50 hours to 10”.
 27 | “which means about 40 hours of housework labour is saved” 应改为 “which means about 40 hours of housework labor have been saved”.
 28 | “which is often token by women” 应改为 “which is often undertaken by women”.
 29 | “that is a huge progress of improvement that the development of technology helps to free human labour” 应改为 “This represents significant progress in freeing human labor through technological development”.
 30 | “The we take a closer look into the data” 应改为 “When we take a closer look at the data”.
 31 | “First is refrigerator” 应改为 “First is the refrigerator”.
 32 | “Vacuum cleaner is another item that every familly keeps at their home at around 2000” 应改为 “The vacuum cleaner is another item that every family had in their home by around 2000”.
 33 | “But we can see that the washing machine is until now not been owned 100 percent by all families” 应改为 “However, we can see that even now, not all families own a washing machine”.
 34 | “And it is also the only appliance that had been through a decline in the 1960s” 应改为 “It is also the only appliance that experienced a decline in ownership in the 1960s”.
 35 | “perhaps caused by energy prise and water shortage” 应改为 “perhaps due to rising energy prices and water shortages”.
 36 | “And we can tell that from common sense” 应改为 “We can also infer from common sense”.
 37 | 根据雅思写作评分标准，你的作文大约能得到6分。你的作文结构清晰，观点明确，但是语言表达方面还有一些问题需要改进。希望我的建议能对你有所帮助。😊
 38 | 
 39 | 
 40 | 
 41 | 当然可以。以下是一篇符合雅思7.5分以上标准的作文：
 42 | 
 43 | The charts illustrate the changes in ownership of electrical appliances and the amount of time spent on housework in households in one country between 1920 and 2019.
 44 | 
 45 | Overall, it is clear that as the ownership of electrical appliances increased, the amount of time spent on housework decreased significantly. In 1920, households spent approximately 50 hours per week on housework, while the ownership of electrical appliances was almost non-existent. By 2019, however, the average time spent on housework had decreased to just 10 hours per week, while the ownership of all types of electrical appliances had reached nearly 100%.
 46 | 
 47 | In terms of specific appliances, the refrigerator was the first to be widely owned by households, with ownership reaching 100% by around 1950. The vacuum cleaner followed a similar trend, with ownership reaching 100% by around 2000. The washing machine, on the other hand, experienced a decline in ownership in the 1960s before gradually increasing again. Even by 2019, however, not all households owned a washing machine.
 48 | 
 49 | In conclusion, the charts show a clear correlation between the increasing ownership of electrical appliances and the decreasing amount of time spent on housework. This suggests that technological advancements have played a significant role in reducing the burden of housework on households.
 50 | 
 51 | 希望这篇作文能给你一些启发。😊
 52 | 
 53 | ## essay2
 54 | 
 55 | 你还要帮我修改这一篇，按照上面的打分和修改要求。题目是In some countries, more and more people are becoming interested in finding out about the history of the house or building they live in. What are the reasons for this? How can people research this?
 56 | 
 57 | The reason for people started to find out the stories behind the building they live in is a pure result of curiosity, especially in places with much history remains. For example in my city, which is famous in ancient history, there are so many old things around us and they are actually recorded in textbooks. If you are in such environment, no doubt you can be fasinated by finding out the history behind what you see everyday and to imagine the same feeling of seeing the same view of some famous historical figures once did. That is a poetic feeling of culture. Another reason can be for the memorial purpose of the family ancesters. Maybe the house is built by a great grandfather from somewhere far away to move to a new place or it is an very old house that has the same age as the family. It is these stories that come up together to shape people's view of the whole family. It can also be the reason for doing research. I think this question alone can be a perfect thesis for taking the kids and give them a very first course of doing research. It is relevent for everyone and it can never be authenticated by some super power so everyone can hold their view and make their own decisions, unless you really live in some places as famous as the white house. As we talk about doing research, we need to know how to do research like this. First, it is always good to go to the web and search for some answers. Things on the internet is always famous and important. Second, for these local affairs, libraries in the community and the city library have the first hand infomation and we need to find them in old newspapers and local history annuals if possible. It is always good to explore things around us and the buildings might be a good start.
 58 | 
 59 | ---
 60 | 
 61 | 你的作文总体上写得不错，但是有一些小问题需要改进。首先，在开头段落中，你应该简要介绍题目的内容，而不是直接进入分析。例如，你可以这样写：“越来越多的人开始对他们居住的房屋或建筑物的历史感兴趣。本文将探讨这一现象背后的原因，并讨论人们如何进行相关研究。”
 62 | 
 63 | 其次，在正文段落中，你应该更详细地描述原因并给出具体例子。例如，你可以指出人们对历史的好奇心和对家族传统的尊重是促使他们了解房屋历史的两个主要原因。
 64 | 
 65 | 最后，在结尾段落中，你应该总结文章中的主要信息，并给出你的看法。例如，你可以这样写：“总之，人们对房屋历史的兴趣源自于多种原因。他们可以通过网络搜索和查阅图书馆资料来进行相关研究。”
 66 | 
 67 | 以下是我对你文章中语法和措辞问题的建议：
 68 | 
 69 | - "The reason for people started to find out the stories behind the building they live in is a pure result of curiosity" 应改为 "One reason why people have started to find out the stories behind the buildings they live in is due to their curiosity".
 70 | - "For example in my city, which is famous in ancient history" 应改为 "For example, in my city, which is famous for its ancient history".
 71 | - "there are so many old things around us and they are actually recorded in textbooks" 应改为 "there are so many historical artifacts around us that are recorded in textbooks".
 72 | - "If you are in such environment" 应改为 "If you live in such an environment".
 73 | - "no doubt you can be fasinated by finding out the history behind what you see everyday" 应改为 "you would undoubtedly be fascinated by discovering the history behind what you see every day".
 74 | - "and to imagine the same feeling of seeing the same view of some famous historical figures once did" 应改为 "and imagining what it would have been like for famous historical figures to see the same view".
 75 | - "That is a poetic feeling of culture" 应改为 "This can evoke a poetic sense of culture".
 76 | - "Another reason can be for the memorial purpose of the family ancesters" 应改为 "Another reason could be to honor the memory of family ancestors".
 77 | - "Maybe the house is built by a great grandfather from somewhere far away to move to a new place or it is an very old house that has the same age as the family" 应改为 "Perhaps the house was built by a great-grandfather who moved from somewhere far away, or it is a very old house that has been in the family for generations".
 78 | - "It is these stories that come up together to shape people's view of the whole family" 应改为 "It is these stories that come together to shape people's understanding of their family history".
 79 | - "It can also be the reason for doing research" 应改为 "Researching the history of a building can also be an educational experience".
 80 | - "I think this question alone can be a perfect thesis for taking the kids and give them a very first course of doing research" 应改为 "I think this topic alone could serve as an excellent introduction to research for children".
 81 | - "It is relevent for everyone and it can never be authenticated by some super power so everyone can hold their view and make their own decisions" 应改为 "It is relevant to everyone and allows for personal interpretation and decision-making".
 82 | - "unless you really live in some places as famous as the white house" 应改为 "unless you live in a place as famous as the White House".
 83 | - "First, it is always good to go to the web and search for some answers" 应改为 "Firstly, it is always a good idea to start by searching for information on the internet".
 84 | - "Things on the internet is always famous and important" 应改为 "The internet provides access to a wealth of information on well-known and important topics".
 85 | - "Second, for these local- "affairs, libraries in the community and the city library have the first hand infomation" 应改为 "Secondly, for local affairs, community and city libraries often have first-hand information".
 86 | - "and we need to find them in old newspapers and local history annuals if possible" 应改为 "This information can often be found in old newspapers and local history archives".
 87 | - "It is always good to explore things around us and the buildings might be a good start" 应改为 "It is always worthwhile to explore the world around us, and researching the history of buildings can be a good starting point".
 88 | 
 89 | 根据雅思写作评分标准，你的作文大约能得到6分。你的作文结构清晰，观点明确，但是语言表达方面还有一些问题需要改进。希望我的建议能对你有所帮助。😊
 90 | 
 91 | bing的范文
 92 | 
 93 | 当然可以。以下是一篇符合雅思7.5分以上标准的作文：
 94 | 
 95 | In some countries, an increasing number of people are becoming interested in discovering the history of the houses or buildings they live in. There are several reasons for this trend.
 96 | 
 97 | One reason is that people have a natural curiosity about the past. Living in a historic building or area can spark an interest in learning about the events and people that shaped the local community. For example, someone living in an old house might wonder about the lives of the previous occupants and how their experiences were shaped by the historical events of their time.
 98 | 
 99 | Another reason is that people have a desire to connect with their family history. Researching the history of a family home can provide a sense of continuity and connection to one's ancestors. For example, discovering that a great-grandparent built or lived in the house can create a sense of pride and belonging.
100 | 
101 | There are several ways that people can research the history of their homes. One way is to search online for information about the local area or specific building. Local libraries and historical societies can also be valuable resources, providing access to old newspapers, photographs, and other historical documents.
102 | 
103 | In conclusion, people are becoming increasingly interested in discovering the history of their homes for a variety of reasons. By conducting research online and through local resources, they can uncover fascinating stories and gain a deeper understanding of their connection to the past.
104 | 
105 | 希望这篇作文能给你一些启发。😊
106 | 
107 | gpt3.5的评价
108 | 
109 | Based on your essay, I would estimate your IELTS writing score to be around Band 5.0 to 5.5. While you have attempted to answer the question, there are several areas that need improvement:
110 | 
111 | 1. Coherence and cohesion: Your essay lacks a clear structure and organization. You have presented several ideas, but they are not well connected and do not flow logically. It would be better to have a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion that are well linked together.
112 | 
113 | 2. Vocabulary and grammar: There are several errors in vocabulary and grammar, such as "ancesters" instead of "ancestors" and "authenticated" instead of "verified." It is important to use appropriate vocabulary and grammar to convey your ideas accurately and clearly.
114 | 
115 | 3. Examples: Although you have provided some examples of why people are interested in the history of their homes, they are not well developed or supported. It would be better to provide more specific and detailed examples to illustrate your points.
116 | 
117 | 4. Length: Your essay is quite short, and you would benefit from adding more content and details to support your ideas.
118 | 
119 | To improve your writing, I suggest practicing your grammar and vocabulary skills and working on organizing your ideas more clearly. Additionally, you should try to provide more specific and detailed examples to support your arguments.
120 | 
121 | ---
122 | 
123 | gpt3.5 直接写
124 | 
125 | Sure, I can help you with that. Here's your revised essay:
126 | 
127 | In recent years, there has been a growing trend in some countries of people wanting to discover the history of their homes or buildings. In this essay, I will discuss the reasons behind this trend and suggest ways in which people can research the history of their homes.
128 | 
129 | One reason why people are becoming more interested in the history of their homes is the desire to connect with the past. By learning about the people who lived in their homes before them, people can gain a sense of continuity and belonging. Additionally, discovering the history of a home can provide insights into the culture and society of the time in which it was built, which can be fascinating for history enthusiasts.
130 | 
131 | Another reason for the trend is the increasing availability of information and resources. With the rise of the internet, it has become easier for people to research the history of their homes from the comfort of their own homes. There are also many organizations, such as historical societies, that offer resources and support for people interested in researching the history of their homes.
132 | 
133 | So how can people research the history of their homes? One way is to start with the local historical society or archives. These organizations can provide access to old maps, photographs, and other historical documents that can shed light on the history of a particular property. Another option is to search online databases, such as census records or property records, which can provide information on past owners and occupants.
134 | 
135 | In conclusion, the trend of people wanting to discover the history of their homes is driven by a desire to connect with the past and by the increasing availability of information and resources. By utilizing local historical organizations and online databases, people can uncover the fascinating history of their homes and gain a deeper appreciation for the cultural and societal context in which they were built.
136 | 
137 | ---
138 | 
139 | gpt3/5 写7.5以上
140 | 
141 | Sure, here is an essay that aims to score 7.5 or above:
142 | 
143 | In recent years, there has been a growing interest among people in many countries to learn about the history of the buildings or houses they live in. In this essay, I will explore the reasons behind this trend and suggest ways in which people can research the history of their homes.
144 | 
145 | One reason for this trend is the desire to connect with the past. By learning about the people who lived in their homes before them, people can gain a sense of continuity and belonging. Additionally, discovering the history of a home can provide insights into the culture and society of the time in which it was built, which can be fascinating for history enthusiasts.
146 | 
147 | Another reason for the trend is the increasing availability of information and resources. With the rise of the internet, it has become easier for people to research the history of their homes from the comfort of their own homes. There are also many organizations, such as historical societies, that offer resources and support for people interested in researching the history of their homes.
148 | 
149 | So how can people research the history of their homes? One way is to start with the local historical society or archives. These organizations can provide access to old maps, photographs, and other historical documents that can shed light on the history of a particular property. Another option is to search online databases, such as census records or property records, which can provide information on past owners and occupants.
150 | 
151 | In conclusion, the trend of people wanting to discover the history of their homes is driven by a desire to connect with the past and by the increasing availability of information and resources. By utilizing local historical organizations and online databases, people can uncover the fascinating history of their homes and gain a deeper appreciation for the cultural and societal context in which they were built.
152 | 
153 | 


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/writing/write&improve/c16test2.md:
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 1 | ## essay1
 2 | 
 3 | The diagram below shows the manufacturing process for making sugar from sugar cane. 
 4 | Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. 
 5 | Write at least 150 words.
 6 | 
 7 | ---
 8 | 
 9 | This diagram illustrates the production of sugar. The process includes growing sugar canes, harvesting, crushing into juice and some fine production to make sugar out of the juice.
10 | 
11 | First, it starts with the growing of sugar canes. The growing time of sugar cane is between 12 to 18 months. Then farmers should harvest the grown sugar canes either by using special machines or human labour. After harvesting the sugar canes are collected for making juice. All the canes are sent to supression in order to get the sweet juice contains sugar.
12 | 
13 | Next, the juice is purified in a limestone filter to remove unwanted garbages and fibers firstly. Then the purified juice is heated and turns into syrup through evaporation. Now that the sugar crystals need to be separated by use of centrifuge. Finally the sugar crystals are collected for cooling and drying. After this process the sugar is finally made.
14 | 
15 | In conclusion, the figure shows the whole process chain of sugar industry. This production not only requires a relatively long time of growing sugar canes, but we can also notice still some amount of human labour force.
16 | 
17 | ---
18 | 
19 | 你的文章总体上写得不错，结构清晰，内容完整。但是有一些小错误需要注意。
20 | 
21 | 首先，在第二段中，你提到“supression”这个词，但是这个词并不是一个正确的单词。我猜你想表达的是“crushing”或者“pressing”，意思是压榨甘蔗汁。
22 | 
23 | 其次，在第三段中，你提到“garbages”这个词，但是“garbage”这个词是不可数名词，所以不能加复数形式。你可以改成“unwanted garbage and fibers”。
24 | 
25 | 最后，在最后一段中，你提到“still some amount of human labour force”，这里的“still”应该改成“a certain amount of”。
26 | 
27 | 总体来说，你的文章写得很好 7分，只需要注意一些小细节。希望我的建议能够帮助你。😊
28 | 
29 | ---
30 | 
31 | The diagram illustrates the process of manufacturing sugar from sugar cane. The process involves several stages, including growing and harvesting the sugar cane, extracting the juice, and refining it to produce sugar.
32 | 
33 | Initially, sugar cane is grown for a period of 12 to 18 months. Once it has reached maturity, it is harvested either by machine or by hand. The harvested sugar cane is then transported to a facility where it is crushed to extract the juice.
34 | 
35 | The extracted juice is then purified using a limestone filter to remove any impurities and fibers. The purified juice is then heated and evaporated to produce syrup. The syrup is then placed in a centrifuge to separate the sugar crystals from the liquid.
36 | 
37 | Finally, the sugar crystals are collected and cooled before being dried. The resulting product is granulated sugar, ready for packaging and distribution.
38 | 
39 | In conclusion, the diagram provides a detailed overview of the process of manufacturing sugar from sugar cane. It highlights the various stages involved in the process, from growing and harvesting the sugar cane to refining the juice to produce sugar. This process requires not only a significant amount of time but also involves a certain amount of human labor. Overall, this diagram effectively conveys the complexity of the sugar manufacturing process.
40 | 
41 | ---
42 | 
43 | ## essay2
44 | 
45 | In their advertising, businesses nowadays usually emphasize that their products are new in some way. 
46 | Why is this? Do you think it is a positive or negative development? 
47 | 
48 | ---
49 | 
50 | In the advertising and bussiness field, people usually emphasize the production is new. Here are some reasons for this phenonmenon and in the end I will give my comments also.
51 | 
52 | One reason is that the new products are usually more powerful. Usually, the new product will have new functions compared to the old generations and what's more, they are often cheaper. For example, for the consuming electionics, thanks to the Morre's law, new products have better performances so in advertising this is a good point to make.
53 | 
54 | Another reason is that the salesmen wants to play a little trick to attract potential customers. People like to purchase new things. So if you are not decided, a new products probably make you try to reconsider and one result is that after getting to know more details, anyway, you possibly buy it. 
55 | 
56 | But I don't think that it is a good strategy for advertising now as more and more new stuff keep to rush into people's life. On the one hand, though new products have more functions, it is less an attractive thing if the old ones already meet the need of customers. On the other hand, old but popular product is actually a proof of good quality and decent design. It is not a bad thing for me to have a product of good use though it has been put into market for a long time. There is also a trend of old fashion, so not only something new is fancy, something old can also be.
57 | 
58 | In conclusion, the trend of promoting new thing is popular for many reasons. But I don't think this is necessary to say it all the tim
59 | 
60 | ---
61 | 
62 | 你的文章写得很好，你提出了一些很好的观点。但是，我注意到你的文章中有一些语法和拼写错误。例如，在第一段中，“bussiness”应该拼写为“business”，“phenonmenon”应该拼写为“phenomenon”。此外，你的文章结构也可以改进。例如，在第二段中，你可以将“Usually, the new product will have new functions compared to the old generations and what’s more, they are often cheaper.”改为“Usually, the new product will have new functions compared to the old generations. What’s more, they are often cheaper.”  Moore's law
63 | 
64 | 总体来说，你的文章内容丰富，但是需要注意语法和拼写错误，并改进文章结构。希望我的建议能对你有所帮助。
65 | 
66 | 这是我对你文章的修改建议，希望能帮助你提高写作水平：
67 | 
68 | In the field of advertising and business, companies often emphasize that their products are new in some way. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, and in my opinion, it has both positive and negative implications.
69 | 
70 | One reason is that new products often have improved features and capabilities. Compared to older generations, new products may have additional functions and may even be more affordable. For example, in the consumer electronics industry, thanks to Moore’s Law, new products often have better performance. This is a strong selling point in advertising.
71 | 
72 | Another reason is that companies want to attract potential customers by highlighting the novelty of their products. People are often drawn to new things, so if a customer is undecided, a new product may make them reconsider and ultimately make a purchase.
73 | 
74 | However, I do not believe that emphasizing novelty is always the best strategy for advertising. As more and more new products flood the market, the novelty factor becomes less attractive if the older products already meet the needs of customers. On the other hand, older but popular products can serve as proof of good quality and design. It is not necessarily a bad thing to have a product that has been on the market for a long time and has proven its usefulness. There is also a trend towards vintage and retro styles, so not only new things can be fashionable - old things can be too.
75 | 
76 | In conclusion, promoting new products is popular for many reasons. However, I do not think it is necessary to emphasize novelty all the time. Companies should also focus on the quality and usefulness of their products.
77 | 
78 | 希望我的建议能对你有所帮助。但是，请注意，雅思写作评分标准涉及多个方面，所以这只是一个参考，不能保证你的文章能获得7.5分以上。希望我的建议能对你有所帮助。
79 | 
80 | ---
81 | 
82 | 当然，这是一篇8分的雅思作文示例：
83 | 
84 | 题目：In their advertising, businesses nowadays usually emphasize that their products are new in some way. Why is this? Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
85 | 
86 | In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing market, businesses often highlight the novelty of their products in advertising. This phenomenon can be attributed to several reasons and has both positive and negative implications.
87 | 
88 | One reason for this emphasis on novelty is the desire to attract customers and stand out in a crowded market. With the rapid advancement of technology and increasing competition, businesses need to constantly innovate and offer new and improved products to remain relevant. By emphasizing the new features or improvements of their products, businesses can attract the attention of potential customers and differentiate themselves from their competitors.
89 | 
90 | However, this constant push for novelty can also have negative consequences. It can create a culture of consumerism, where people feel the need to constantly upgrade and replace perfectly functional products with newer versions. This can lead to unnecessary waste and harm the environment.
91 | 
92 | In conclusion, while the emphasis on novelty in advertising can help businesses attract customers and remain competitive, it can also have negative consequences. It is important for businesses to balance the desire for innovation with responsible and sustainable practices.
93 | 
94 | 希望这篇文章能给你一些启发。但是，请注意，雅思写作评分标准涉及多个方面，所以这只是一个参考，不能保证你的文章也能获得8分。希望我的建议能对你有所帮助。
95 | 
96 | 
97 | 
98 | 


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/writing/write&improve/readme.md:
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 1 | writeandimprove.com上面的练习
 2 | 登录以后 进行练习
 3 | 
 4 | 
 5 | ---
 6 | 
 7 | prompt
 8 | 
 9 | 你现在是我的雅思作文批改老师， 我会先发送给你题目，然后发送给你我的答案。 你要先对文章的单词和句式进行检查，并给出成绩。
10 | 
11 | 对我的文章进行修改， 以达到7.5分以上
12 | 
13 | 你能写一篇8分的文章示例吗
14 | 


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/writing/十天突破写作13版/exercise.md:
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 1 | 练习： 真题库6-9分剖析
 2 | day1-10 分别对应了十个话题类型
 3 | 1.education
 4 | 2.technology
 5 | 3.media
 6 | 4.government
 7 | 5.development
 8 | 6.culture
 9 | 7.environment
10 | 8.criminal
11 | 9.globalization
12 | 10.map地图题
13 | 附录有四类冷门题
14 | ## day1.Education
15 | 话题频率最高
16 | 
17 | >some people think university education should prepare students for employment while others think it should help students acquire theoretical knowledge. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
18 | 
19 | 必须按照题意对两方都进行论述
20 | 


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/writing/十天突破写作13版/readme.md:
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  1 | 
  2 | 十天突破 剑13版本  对应去看完整真题库6-9分范文全解
  3 | ## 0️⃣contents of the book
  4 | 
  5 | - ✔ enough ideas for convincing arguments 
  6 | - ✔ distill common writing lexicon into lists of words and phrases
  7 | - ✔ deconstruction bewildering grammatical points in a practical fashion
  8 | - ✔ instill good sentence sense and providing with handy toolkit of linking 
  9 | - ✔ tight-knit, focused structure
 10 | - ✔ various sample essays, without rote memorization, mere reproduction
 11 | - ✔ reflection of latest changes in TEST module
 12 | 
 13 | ##1️⃣ uncharted territory in the writing test
 14 | 
 15 | 考点选择: 考官都是freelance basis
 16 | 长难句:并不是长难句ok 准确 清晰的表达论据才是最终目的
 17 | 词汇: 允许一定的拼写错误 使用高频词
 18 | brainstorm: 快闪出相关的词汇和短语记录下来
 19 | 
 20 | 模拟实战 根据音频卡下载标准格式的答题纸
 21 | 
 22 | task1: 客观 准确 详尽的表述信息
 23 | task2: 主观性
 24 | 
 25 | 关于topic: 在英语世界的争议问题
 26 | 
 27 | 关于打分: 改错题
 28 | >文体错误 不使用缩写
 29 | 非正式口语表达 lots of -> a large number of 
 30 | 短句太多
 31 | 祈使句 主观色彩太严重
 32 | 
 33 | 
 34 | 作业本  day1
 35 | 
 36 | ## 2️⃣ a farewell to convoluted senteces
 37 | 
 38 | 作文句子分为三种 简单句 并列句 复杂句
 39 | 简单句: 主谓宾 陈述
 40 | 并列句: 主谓+主谓 用and/or/but 链接
 41 | >Poor student behavior is a widespread problem and modern lifestyles are responsible for this.
 42 | Children can be educated about environment issues, but adults need to take action
 43 | 
 44 | 复杂句:  主谓+主谓, 但是连接词更为复杂
 45 | 基础复杂句: 一个连词
 46 | >Some people believe that it is a good thing to have the ability to choose from a wide variety. 主句+that宾语从句
 47 | The main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children. that定语从句
 48 | The gap between their salaries and those of people who work for the good of society is not fair. who定于从句
 49 | Responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to better behavior.which定语从句
 50 | Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere around the world. because 原因状语从句
 51 | If parents would raise children to be responsible people, the world community would benefit. if 条件状语从句
 52 | When they get to school age they have not learned any self control.when时间状语从句
 53 | Some people think this is completely wrong, while other believe it is valuable work experience. while状语从句 与主句进行对比
 54 | 
 55 | 高分范文的复杂句 只有1/2个从句 1/2个介词短语或分词短语 
 56 | 句长在12-20词
 57 | 
 58 | ## 3️⃣The most commonly misused words
 59 | spend -spent spent
 60 | send sent sent
 61 | rise rose risen 上升
 62 | raise raised raised 提高 抚养
 63 | arise-arose-arosen 出现问题 类似emerge 
 64 | 
 65 | outweigh 比...更重要
 66 | >Do you think the advantages of charging people for admission to museums outweigh the disadvantages?
 67 | 
 68 | traffic jam/jams---traffic congestion没有复数
 69 | in a word 极少使用在学术写作
 70 | 
 71 | nowadays-present-current 
 72 | 
 73 | lack
 74 | vt. ``Many young people lack the skills that they need at work.``
 75 | m. $lack of$ ``lack of exercise increase the risk of heart disease.``
 76 | 
 77 | day3 练习
 78 | 
 79 | ## 4️⃣Building a sound structure
 80 | 大作文: Report/Argument
 81 | Report: 不给观点 只给现象 分析 15-25%
 82 | cause原因/solution解决方案/problem带来的问题/factors影响因素/measures应对措施/effects(influence impact)影响 等
 83 | 
 84 | ### Argument: 辩论观点 比较利弊
 85 | 有四种提问方式 
 86 | - 双方讨论   high --> discuss both views, give opinion 
 87 | - 是否同意   high --> do u agree or not/ to what extent
 88 | - 比较利弊   mid  --> advantages, disadvantages/ benefits, drawbacks
 89 | - 你怎么看   low  --> what's ur opinion/ view?
 90 | 
 91 | #### argument 四段式
 92 | 1. 1-3  句   写一个简洁的开头段 1：介绍社会背景 2 转述题目话题 3 陈述自己态度
 93 | 2. 1+5-6  论述自己更倾向的一方 1 提分论点1 展开支持 重点句子 2 分论点2 展开支持 前两个论点充分过长的时候不需要写第三个论点 否则分论点三并支持
 94 | 3. 1+3-4  让步端 论述自己不太倾向的一方 1 概括这个观点 2 提出理由reason1 并展开支持 3 reason2 并展开支持/或者提出reason1的不严密指出进一步弱化让步段的观点 两种写法占2/3 1/3 
 95 | 4. 1-2 结尾段 1 概括让步段里不太倾向的一方 可以与第二句话合并为一句话 2 重申自己更加倾向的一方 3 提出政府/媒体/等主题应该怎样做的建议 如果想不出建议的可以省略 但结尾段同样要不能偏题
 96 | 
 97 | TODO: 作为english as a second language(ESL)考试, ielts考试的作文并不需要深刻 各分论点及支持句不需要曲高和寡 只求common sense, 语言清楚准确即可
 98 | 在 day6 中有详细的论述
 99 | 
100 | #### argument 五段式
101 | 2 3 两段都写倾向方 倾向方给出两段 让步段一段 
102 | 
103 | 总结: 四段式 适合分论点多 但supporting sentences少的情况
104 | 五段式 适合论点少 但是 支持句较多的情况 
105 | 
106 | ### report结构
107 | 1. 概括背景和目的 1 介绍社会/自然背景 可选 2 改写需要分析的话题 3 说明本文要分析现象的成因和解决方案
108 | 2. 分析现象产生的原因/带来的问题etc 由题目决定 1 原因是什么 可选 2 第一个原因 3 supporting sentence 不超过两句 4 第二个 5 supporting sentence 然后是可选的第三个原因以及支持句 
109 | 3. 分析现象的解决方案/带来的effect等 由题目决定 1 说明本段的解决方案 2 第一个解决方案 3 解释支持 4 第二个解决方案 5解释支持 第三个可选
110 | 4. 结尾段做总结 1 概括现象的成因 2 概括相应措施
111 | 
112 | ### 混搭结构 
113 | 既不是严格的report 也不是严格的argument
114 | >The way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In wha ways has technology affected the types of relationships that people make?Has this been a positive or negative development?
115 | 
116 | 第一个问题是现象的affect是什么 属于典型的report 
117 | 第二个问题是比较利弊 属于典型的argument
118 | 
119 | 解决: 分别用一个主体段落来回应argument 和report 接可以了 
120 | 其实更容易满足字数要求
121 | 
122 | 
123 | ## 5️⃣ the generation of ideas
124 | 与GRE写作有本质的区别 GRE要求insightful 
125 | 而ielts是语言能力测试 只要求具有适当说理的能力 对于ideas本身的质量和论述要求只是reasonable 而不是profound
126 | 短时间 通顺 地道的表达
127 | 
128 | i.e.  下面每道题看三遍 确定主体段里的分论点 即ideas
129 | >In spite of the advances made in agriculture, many people around the world still go hungry. Why is this the case? What can be done about this problem?
130 | 
131 | 显然是先report再argument
132 | para1: 1 natural resources 2 stable society 3 weather 
133 | para2: 1 dams, hydraulic conservation 2 good strong government 3 environmental friendly
134 | 
135 | >In a number of countries,some people think it is necessary to spend large sum of money on constructing new railway lines for very fast trains between cities. Others believe the money should be spent on improving existing public transport. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
136 | 
137 | argument
138 | para1: leaning to constructing new lines. 1 modern transportation system should put into use, which is a promotion in both scientific and engineering field 2 time-saving, providing more conveniences to the citizens. also good for commercial activities 3 construction investment as a government policy to cut down growing inflation
139 | para2: 1 improving existence is not helping with the convenience but could actually affect normal transportation, but new ones will not affect old during the construction. 2 not that cost-saving, as a engineer, some parts are out-of-date, which is even more expensive to buy or produce. 
140 | end: improving existing transportation is against the development of technology. nowadays public transportation in big old cities are far from the advanced technology. it's not a cost-effective job to do. So I am suggesting to build new public transportation instead. It's not only good for the citizens, but also a strong support to the development of new technology.
141 | 
142 | >Some people say that the only reason for learning a foreign language is in order to travel to or work in a foreign country.Others say that these are not the only reasons why someone should learn a foreign language.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion
143 | 
144 | argument
145 | it is.
146 | 1 a long time to learn, but the output is rare. 2 the development of translation AI technology. 3 
147 | 1 obviously a lot reasons, but which is the main one? we should focus on the main issue. because life is short. if you are not involved in the other country for a least reason, which is to travel, study or work there, why bother to learn? if you are deeply in love with the culture and the history, at least you should be there.
148 | 
149 | >Many museums charge for admission while others are free.Do you think the advantages of charging people for admission to museums outweigh the disadvantages?
150 | 
151 | argument
152 | outweigh 
153 | para1  1 better preservation for the artifacts 2 keep the museum a pure place like a library, less commercial activities in the museum 3 
154 | 
155 | 头脑风暴不是无限发散 考试中一定要有线索的发散
156 | ### 12条思路
157 | | left | right |
158 | |---|---|
159 | |skill|efficiency|        效率
160 | |technology|safety|       技术
161 | |right|responsibility|    权责
162 | |environment|health|      环境
163 | |employment|money|        经济
164 | |culture|fun|             文化
165 | 
166 | #### 第一题🍺
167 | >A hundred years ago,many people thought that the human race was improving in every area of life.Nowadays people are less certain about this.In what areas has the human race made important progress?In what areas do we still need to make progress?
168 | 
169 | 抽象的话题-->12条线索进行具体化
170 | progress: technology health safety efficiency fun 
171 | issue: safety environment health money culture
172 | 
173 | #### 第二题🍕
174 | 剑 著名难题
175 | >Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others,however,think that the circumstances of a crime,and the motivation for committing it,should always be taken into account.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion
176 | 
177 | 看到复杂的话题不必紧张 记得考核的要求是准确合理的表达而不是过度的追求哲理 扣题的素材就是好素材
178 | 从效率的角度出发 fixed punishment 好处很多 
179 | >improve the efficiency of the court process
180 | deter the criminals
181 | reduce the lawsuits costs
182 | 
183 | 从权责的角度出发 烤炉罪犯的处境 circumstances and motivation的好处如下 可以写在让步段
184 | 
185 | >权力: respect the civil right of criminals
186 | 责任: more responsible judgement and more convincing
187 | 
188 | 使用上面的线索 在难得题目同样可以化解
189 | 
190 | #### 第三题🍜
191 | >in some countries, the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are decreasing. What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures should be taken to solve them?
192 | 
193 | 题目的论点在健康和发展 个人. 可以引申到科技的发展和人的发展上
194 | mine: 科技的进步伴随着体力劳动的退步. 应当合理的锻炼身体
195 | 对应的解决办法: 
196 | encourage people to exercise regularly and avoid unhealthy food.
197 | drive less to work, not only for health
198 | spend less time on TV or video games
199 | 
200 | #### 第四题🍟
201 | >every year several languages die out. Some people think that this is not important because life will be easier if there are fewer languages in the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
202 | 
203 | mine: 不支持 culture: relic. 多样性 diversity 
204 | reduce cultural diversity: cause many traditions to disappear/become distinct 
205 | mother tone people feel isolated and lonely/frustrated
206 | 支持: 官方给出了一个论点 效率 efficiency 经济
207 | 效率: remove the language barrier /more job opportunities/
208 | 经济: reduce government spending 
209 | 
210 | 无论正反都很好说
211 | 
212 | #### 第五题🍿
213 | >many museums charge for admission, while others are free. Do you think the advantages of charging people for admission to museums outweigh the disadvantage?
214 | 
215 | admission fee/ entrance fee
216 | 
217 | 经济: reduce the burden of taxpayers/ more funds to increase the collections
218 | 就业: creates jobs/improve their servises
219 | 
220 | 权责: local taxpayer feel unfair
221 | 经济: low-income families have few chance to visit
222 | 
223 | #### 第六题🧂
224 | >Some people say that the only reason for learning a foreign language is in order to travel to or work in a foreign country. Others say that these are not the only reasons why someone should learn a foreign language. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion
225 | 
226 | 去国外的旅行和工作的积极作用可以从效率 权利 环境 乐趣方面
227 | 
228 | 其他积极作用 技能文化 乐趣
229 | 
230 | #### 第七题🥓
231 | >In a number of countries, some people think it is necessary to spend large sums of money on constructing new rail way lines for very fas trains between cities. Others believe the money should be spent on improving existing public transport. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
232 | 
233 | 支持建设： 效率 健康 就业 
234 | increase the efficiency of personal and business travel
235 | help the passengers fell less tired
236 | construction will create a lot of job opportunities
237 | 
238 | 反对建设：经济 安全 环境
239 | making the existing public transport safer and more reliable
240 | may damage the environment
241 | 
242 | #### 第八题🥩
243 | In spite of the advances made in agriculture, many people around the world still fo hungry. Why is this case? What can be done about this issue?
244 | 
245 | report  
246 | 原因： 责任 international aid 环境 natural disasters such as droughts and floods 安全 wars and military conflicts 财务 the gap between the rich and the poor
247 | 解决方案：依次
248 | 
249 | 技能
250 | 效率
251 | 权利
252 | 责任
253 | 环境
254 | 健康
255 | 财务
256 | 文化
257 | 安全
258 | 乐趣
259 | 
260 | 
261 | ## 6️⃣clarity counts 展开支持句
262 | ### 何为好的论述 what is well supported?
263 | 缺乏展开的分论点会被考官判为 lack of development / not well supported
264 | 
265 | 不要把支持据想的太高端了 似是而非的深奥 高雅 曲折 
266 | 下面对着分论点展开一到三句supporting sentences
267 | 
268 | 1. An advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially.
269 | 
270 | 
271 | S: The ability to grow socially is all about the right timing. Kids are developing their personality during mutual connection such as playing games and meeting new friends. 
272 | 
273 | Model answer:
274 | 1-They make friends and learn how to get on with other children of a similar age.
275 | 2-This is often not possible at home because their brother or sisters are older or younger.
276 | 高分范文的支持句往往都很通俗易懂
277 | 
278 | 2. People are more active in their sixties and seventies than they used to be.
279 | S:One reason is that the elderly today often have a better health state due to the medical development. Another reason is that the development of internet brings more social occasions for old people.
280 | 
281 | 
282 | Model answer:
283 | 1-They have time to enjoy their retirement and do activities that they could not do when they were at work.
284 | 2-They can also help to look after their grandchildren, which is a great benefit for working parents.
285 | 
286 | 看穿了语言能力测试的本质 就是要用清晰 正确的语言表达 支持句就不再是拦路虎
287 | 
288 | ### native speakers怎么展开支持句
289 | 展开支持句使全文最能体现实力的real content. 一头雾水的原因是不理解英语国家的议论文写作教学过程。只要明白了native speakers的思考过程 立刻就能明白怎么展开零考官满意的支持句了
290 | 
291 | why is this true?/分论点为什么成立？ 这么说的理由是什么
292 | what dose this mean?/分论点这样将的意思是？如何更好的阐述
293 | 
294 | #### why is this true?
295 | 分论点： playing violent video games can cause changes in young people's behavior.
296 | 
297 | 1.why? the game makes it fun to fight and kill.
298 | 2.They also teach young people to use violence to solve problems
299 | 3.As a result, many young people become aggressive towards their teachers classmates and even their parents.
300 | 
301 | 分论点：extreme sports involve high risks.
302 | 
303 | 1.for example,bungee jumpers need to jump from very high places.
304 | 2.they may be seriously injured if the equipment does not work well.
305 | 
306 | 分论点：higher taxes should be put on fast food.
307 | 
308 | 1.fast food has underestimated threat for peoples' health. like cigarette, we should tax them in order to warn people about it.
309 | 3.fast food is also a charming food source that people would be addicted to, which can be a reliable and stable tax source for the government.
310 | 
311 | > 1. the health care system spends a large part of money on health problems caused by fast food.
312 | > 2. People who have these problems should be responsible for the their own choice of food.
313 | > 3. the extra taxes that they pay can help to improve the health care system.
314 | 
315 | #### what does this mean?
316 | 这种方法比上一个问题问的少一些， 但是如果感觉到分论点的概括比较抽象， 可以这样展开
317 | 分论点：school uniforms help to reduce economic and social differences.
318 | 1.they try to make all student feel equal and confident.
319 | 2.Uniforms also reduce the pressure on low-income parents to buy fashionable clothes for their children.
320 | 
321 | 分论点：art skills are not essential skills that most students will need when they  enter the job market. essential skill比较抽象 通过提问可以展开支持句
322 | 1.Most of them will not need to draw or paint at work.
323 | 2.Other skills, such as language, maths and computer skills, can help to prepare them better for their future  careers.
324 | 通过把essential skills具体化来进行支持， 如果完全跟着题目的essential走的话， 很难在较短的篇幅中对这个概念进行清晰的阐述。于是， 这个问题的策略在于利用实例化来对目标进行支持。
325 | 
326 | ### 连接词
327 | 如何使支持局读起来流畅自然， 需要使用连接词 cohesive devices.
328 | > use a range of cohesive devices appropriately, but not every line needs one.
329 | 请看下面的官方示例
330 | 分论点：Government should encourage the use of public transportation.
331 | **They** can make public transport more convenient and affordable. Buses, trams and trains are good ways of commuting and getting around. **This means that** more people will use them **if** they are cheaper and more reliable.
332 | 
333 | 
334 | ## 7️⃣ The writing phrase bank
335 | 


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