pico-8 api

68 | 69 | 72 | 73 | 74 |

91 | 92 |

93 | 94 |

95 |

96 | 97 |

pico-8 manpage

98 |

# version 0.1.10
 99 | 
100 | pico-8 [switches] [filename.p8] # run pico-8 from the system cli
101 | 
102 | -run # boot filename.p8 on startup
103 | -width n # set the window or screen width and adjust scale to fit if not specified
104 | -height n # set the window or screen height and adjust scale to fit if not specified
105 | -windowed b # set windowed mode off (0) or on (1)
106 | -sound n # sound volume [0..256]
107 | -music n # sound volume [0..256]
108 | -joystick n # joystick controls starts at player n [0..7]
109 | -pixel_perfect b # set filter for screen stretching off (0) or on (1)
110 | -draw_rect x,y,w,h # window coordinates and size
111 | -splore # boot in splore mode
112 | -home path # customise home directory
113 | -desktop path # set desktop path for screenshots and gifs
114 | -screenshot_scale n # size of each screenshot pixel; default = 3
115 | -gif_scale n # size of each gif pixel; default = 2
116 | -gif_len n # set the maximum gif length in seconds; n in [1..120]
117 | -gui_theme n # set the code editor theme; 0 = classic, 1 = dark blue
118 | -timeout n # timeout switch for splore downloads
119 | -frameless b # set borderless window off (0) or on (1)
120 | -show_fps b # set fps display off (0) or on (1)

121 | 122 |

pico-8 specs

123 |

- display: 128x128, fixed 16 colour palette
124 | - input: 6 buttons
125 | - cartridge size: 32k
126 | - sound: 4 channel, 64 definable chip blerps
127 | - code: lua, max 8192 tokens of code
128 | - sprites: single bank of 128 8x8 sprites + 128 shared
129 | - map: 128x32 8-bit cels + 128x32 shared

130 |

131 | 132 | 133 |

134 |

135 | 136 |

audio manipulation

137 |

music([n, [fade_len, [channel_mask]]]) -- play music; n = -1: stop
138 | sfx(n, [channel, [offset]]) -- play sfx; n = -1: stop in channel; n = -2: release loop in channel

139 |

140 | 141 | 142 |

143 |

cart data manipulation

144 |

cartdata(id) -- open cart data named id (once per execution!)
145 | dget(idx) -- get number at index
146 | dset(idx, val) -- set number at index to value

147 |

148 | 149 | 150 |

151 |

coroutines :: view coroutines thread

152 |

cocreate(f) -- returns a coroutine that executes f
153 | coresume(c) -- resume coroutine c execution
154 | costatus(c) -- returns true if c is still executing, false otherwise
155 | yield() -- use inside a coroutine; makes a coroutine pause execution until next resume

156 |

157 |

158 | 159 | 160 |

161 |

162 | 163 |

graphics manipulation

164 |

camera([x, y]) -- set camera position
165 | circ(x, y, r, [col]) -- draw circle
166 | circfill(x, y, r, [col]) -- draw filled circle
167 | clip([x, y, w, h]) -- set screen clipping region
168 | cls([col]) -- clear screen; col = clear color
169 | color(col) -- set default color
170 | cursor(x, y) -- set cursor and CR/LF margin position
171 | fget(n, [f]) -- get values of sprite flags
172 | flip() -- flip screen back buffer (30fps)
173 | fset(n, [f], v) -- set values of sprite flags
174 | line(x0, y0, x1, y1, [col]) -- draw line
175 | pal(c0, c1, [p]) -- switch colour 0 to colour 1; p = 0 = draw palette; p = 1 = screen palette
176 | palt(col, t) -- set transparency for colour to t (bool)
177 | pget(x, y) -- get pixel colour
178 | print(str, [x, y, [col]]) -- print string
179 | pset(x, y, [col]) -- set pixel colour
180 | rect(x0, y0, x1, y1, [col]) -- draw rectangle
181 | rectfill(x0, y0, x1, y1, [col]) -- draw filled rectangle
182 | sget(x, y) -- get spritesheet pixel colour
183 | spr(n, x, y, [w, h], [flip_x], [flip_y]) -- draw sprite
184 | sset(x, y, [col]) -- set spritesheet pixel colour
185 | sspr(sx, sy, sw, sh, dx, dy, [dw, dh], [flip_x], [flip_y]) -- draw texture from spritesheet
186 | fillp(mask) -- set fill pattern for circ, circfill, rect, rectfill, pset, and line

187 |

fillp() mask

188 |

.-----------------------.
189 | |32768|16384| 8192| 4096|
190 | |-----|-----|-----|-----|
191 | | 2048| 1024| 512 | 256 |
192 | |-----|-----|-----|-----|
193 | | 128 |  64 |  32 |  16 |
194 | |-----|-----|-----|-----|
195 | |  8  |  4  |  2  |  1  |
196 | '-----------------------'

197 |

198 | 199 | 200 |

201 |

202 | 203 |

input manipulation

204 |

btn([i, [p]]) -- get button i state for player p
205 | btnp([i, [p]]) -- only true when the button was not pressed the last frame; repeats every 4 frames after button held for 15 frames

206 |

207 | 208 | 209 |

210 |

map manipulation

211 |

map(cel_x, cel_y, sx, sy, cel_w, cel_h, [layer]) -- draw map; layers from flags; sprite 0 is empty
212 | mapdraw(cel_x, cel_y, sx, sy, cel_w, cel_h, [layer]) -- same as 'map()'; draw map
213 | mget(x, y) -- get map value
214 | mset(x, y, v) -- set map value

215 |

216 | 217 | 218 |

219 |

math functions

220 |

-32768.0 .. 32767.99 -- numeric representation range
221 | abs(x) -- x absolute value
222 | atan2(dx, dy) -- convert (dx, dy) to an angle in [0..1]
223 | band(x, y) -- bitwise conjunction
224 | bnot(x) -- bitwise negation
225 | bor(x, y) -- bitwise disjunction
226 | bxor(x, y) -- bitwise exclusive disjunction
227 | cos(x) -- x cosine, [0..1]
228 | flr(x) -- round down
229 | -flr(-x) -- not a function per se, but will work as ceil(x)
230 | max(x, y) -- x/y maximum
231 | mid(x, y, z) -- x/y/z middle value
232 | min(x, y) -- x/y minimum
233 | rnd(x) -- random; 0 <= n < x
234 | sgn(x) -- returns argument sign: -1 or 1; sgn(0) = 1
235 | shl(x, y) -- shift left
236 | shr(x, y) -- shift right
237 | sin(x) -- x sine, [0..1]; inverted
238 | sqrt(x) -- x square root
239 | srand(x) -- set random seed

240 | 241 |

operators

242 |

a = b -- assignment
243 | a + b -- sum
244 | a - b -- sub
245 | a * b -- mul
246 | a / b -- div
247 | a % b -- mod
248 | a ^ b -- pow
249 | a += b -- sum to
250 | a -= b -- sub to
251 | a *= b -- mul to
252 | a /= b -- div to
253 | a %= b -- mod to
254 | a ^= b -- pow to
255 | a == b -- compare equals
256 | a ~= b -- compare not equals
257 | a != b -- compare not equals
258 | a > b -- compare greater than
259 | a < b -- compare less than
260 | a >= b -- compare greater than or equals
261 | a <= b -- compare less than or equals
262 | not a -- boolean negation
263 | a and b -- boolean conjunction
264 | a or b -- boolean disjunction
265 | (a) -- operation delimiters

266 | 267 |

flow control

268 |

::label:: -- label
269 | goto label -- jump
270 | 
271 | if (<condition>) -- inline if
272 | 
273 | if <condition> then
274 |  -- if block
275 | elseif <condition> then
276 |  -- elseif block
277 | else
278 |  -- else block
279 | end
280 | 
281 | while <condition> do
282 |  -- while block
283 | end
284 | 
285 | repeat
286 |  -- repeat block
287 | until <condition>
288 | 
289 | for <var> = <first>, <last>, <step> do
290 |  -- for block
291 | end
292 | 
293 | for <var> in all(<table>) do
294 |  -- for block
295 | end
296 | 
297 | for <key>, <value> in pairs(<table>) do
298 |  -- for block
299 | end

300 |

301 | 302 | 303 |

304 |

memory manipulation

305 |

cstore(dest_addr, src_addr, len, [filename]) -- copy bytes from ram to rom [load from filename; works with multi-cart export]
306 | memcpy(dest_addr, src_addr, len) -- copy bytes
307 | memset(dest_addr, val, len) -- set len bytes to val
308 | peek(addr) -- read byte in ram address
309 | poke(addr, val) -- write val in ram address
310 | reload(dest_addr, src_addr, len, [filename]) -- copy bytes from rom to ram [load from filename; works with multi-cart export]

311 | 312 |

memory types

313 |

1. base ram (32kB)
314 | 2. cart rom
315 | 3. lua ram (1MB)

316 | 317 |

ram layout

318 |

0x0    - gfx
319 | 0x1000 - gfx2/map2 (shared)
320 | 0x2000 - map
321 | 0x3000 - gfx_props
322 | 0x3100 - song
323 | 0x3200 - sfx
324 | 0x4300 - user data
325 | 0x5e00 - persistent cart data (256 bytes)
326 | 0x5f00 - draw state
327 | 0x5f40 - hardware state
328 | 0x5f80 - gpio pins (128 bytes)
329 | 0x6000 - screen (8k)

330 |

331 | 332 | 333 |

334 |

devkit input mode

335 |

poke(0x5f2d, 1) -- enable devkit input mode
336 | stat(30) -- read keyboard had input (bool); repeats every 4 frames after key held for 15 frames
337 | stat(31) -- read keyboard character
338 | stat(32) -- read x coord
339 | stat(33) -- read y coord
340 | stat(34) -- read button bitmask; 1 = primary, 2 = secondary, 4 = middle

341 | 342 |

extra graphics modes

343 |

poke(0x5f2c, 0) -- standard, 128x128
344 | poke(0x5f2c, 1) -- horizontal stretch, 64x128
345 | poke(0x5f2c, 2) -- vertical stretch, 128x64
346 | poke(0x5f2c, 3) -- zoomed, 64x64
347 | poke(0x5f2c, 4) -- standard, 128x128
348 | poke(0x5f2c, 5) -- mirror left half
349 | poke(0x5f2c, 6) -- mirror top half
350 | poke(0x5f2c, 7) -- mirror top-left quarter

351 | 352 |

raspberry pi / pocketchip gpio

353 |

-- run pico-8 as root ("sudo pico-8")
354 | -- 128 pin values in the range [0..255]
355 | poke(0x5f80, value) -- send value to gpio0
356 | peek(0x5f81) -- get value from gpio1
357 | -- et cetera

358 |

359 | 360 | 361 |

362 |

execution flow

363 |

_draw() -- called once per visible frame
364 | _init() -- called once on program startup
365 | _update() -- called once per update at 30fps
366 | _update60() -- called once per update at 60fps

367 | 368 |

command line interface

369 |

assert(condition) -- verify that condition is true
370 | cd .. -- change to parent directory
371 | cd [dirname] -- change directory
372 | dir() -- list items
373 | exit() -- close pico-8 app
374 | export(filename.html, [cart1.p8, cart2.p8 ... cart15]) -- export game in html; up to 15 extra carts (.p8 format)
375 | export(filename.png) -- export spritesheet
376 | export(filename.wav) -- export the current sfx / music
377 | export(filename%d.wav) -- export all sfx as numbered files
378 | extcmd(cmd) -- control screenshots; "label" = cart label; "screen" = screenshot; "rec" = start gif; "video" = save gif
379 | folder() -- open carts folder in operating system
380 | help() -- show summary of system commands
381 | import(filename.png) -- import spritesheet. expects 128x128 png and colour-fits to the pico-8 palette
382 | info() -- print cart info
383 | install_demos() -- install demo p8 carts alongside pico-8 app
384 | install_games() -- install selection of bbs carts
385 | keyconfig() -- keyboard configuration for player buttons
386 | load("@clip") -- paste cart from clipboard, bbs support
387 | load(filename) -- load cart; works with multi-cart export
388 | ls() -- list items
389 | menuitem(index, [label, callback]) -- add an extra item to the pause menu; index in [1..5]; no label or callback removes the item
390 | mkdir(dirname) -- create directory
391 | printh(str, [filename, overwrite]) -- print str to terminal; append or overwrite to filename
392 | reboot() -- reboot pico8
393 | resume() -- resume cart execution
394 | run() -- boot cart
395 | save("@clip") -- copy cart to clipboard, bbs support
396 | save(filename) -- save cart
397 | shutdown() -- close pico-8 app
398 | splore() -- explore cartridges
399 | stat(x) -- read some execution values, read below
400 | time() -- returns seconds since last reboot
401 | type(v) -- returns type of v: number, string or table

402 | 403 |

stats

404 |

stat(0) -- memory usage in [0..1024]
405 | stat(1) -- cpu usage; 1.0 == 100% cpu at 30fps
406 | stat(4) -- clipboard; after user pressed ctrl-v
407 | stat([16..19]) -- index of playing sfx on channels [0..3]
408 | stat([20..23]) -- note number (0..31) on channels [0..3]
409 | stat(30) -- keyboard key hit; see "peek / poke" tab
410 | stat(31) -- keyboard character; see "peek / poke" tab
411 | stat(32) -- mouse x coord; see "peek / poke" tab
412 | stat(33) -- mouse y coord; see "peek / poke" tab
413 | stat(34) -- mouse button bitmask; see "peek / poke" tab

414 | 415 |

javascript

416 |

pico8_gpio[] // read and write gpio pins
417 | pico8_buttons[] // bitfields for player input

418 | 419 |

private functions (use carefully)

420 |

_get_frames_skipped() -- used automatically by _mainloop()
421 | _get_menu_item_selected(n) -- returns true or false if the n-th menu item is selected; n in [1..5]; used automatically by _mainloop()
422 | _mainloop() -- main pico-8's "while true"
423 | _pausemenu[n].callback() -- execute the n-th menu item's callback; n in [1..5]; used automatically by _mainloop()
424 | _set_mainloop_exists(n) -- ?
425 | _update_buttons() -- used automatically by _mainloop()
426 | holdframe() -- used automatically by _mainloop()

427 |

428 | 429 | 430 |

431 |

432 | 433 |

string manipulation

434 |

#s -- string length
435 | "three " .. 4 -- string concatenation
436 | sub(str, from, [to]) -- substring
437 | tostr(val, [hex]) -- convert val to a string; if hex is true and val is a number, output format is "0x0000.0000"
438 | tonum(str) -- cast parseable str to number; nil if str isn't a number; "0xAF" format for hex
439 | "123.45" + 0 -- alternative to tonum

440 | 441 |

special characters

442 |

print("l:\x8b r:\x91 u:\x94 d:\x83 o:\x8e x:\x97")

443 |

444 | 445 | 446 |

447 |

table manipulation

448 |

add(t, v) -- add v to t
449 | all(t) -- used in 'for v in all(t)' loops
450 | count(t) -- returns number of elements in the table
451 | del(t, v) -- delete first instance of v in t
452 | foreach(t, f) -- call f() for each v in t
453 | pairs(t) -- used in 'for k,v in pairs(t)' loops

454 | 455 |

metatables :: view metatables thread

456 |

mt = {} -- init metatable
457 | setmetatable(t, mt) -- set metatable mt to table t

458 | 459 |

metatables :: special keys

460 |

-- object oriented programming; invoked as 't:foo()' / 't:bar()'
461 | fun = {}
462 | function fun.foo(t) dosomething() end
463 | function fun.bar(t) dosomethingmore() end
464 | mt.__index = fun
465 | 
466 | -- property assignment; invoked when calling 't[k] = v'
467 | function mt.__newindex(t, k, v) rawset(t, k, v) end
468 | 
469 | -- weak references; keys and / or values
470 | mt.__mode = "k" or "v" or "kv"
471 | 
472 | -- treat a table like a function; invoked when calling 't()'
473 | function mt.__call(t) dosomething() end
474 | 
475 | -- hide metatable; returned by 'getmetatable(t)'
476 | public_mt = {}
477 | mt.__metatable = public_mt
478 | 
479 | -- string casting; returned by 'tostring(t)'
480 | function mt.__tostring(t) return tostring(t) end
481 | 
482 | -- table length; returned by '#t'
483 | function mt.__len(t) return #t end

484 | 485 |

metatables :: mathematic operators

486 |

-- unary minus; returned by '-t'
487 | function mt.__unm(t) return -t end
488 | 
489 | -- addition; returned by 'a + b'
490 | function mt.__add(a, b) return a + b end
491 | 
492 | -- subtraction; returned by 'a - b'
493 | function mt.__sub(a, b) return a - b end
494 | 
495 | -- multiplication; returned by 'a * b'
496 | function mt.__mul(a, b) return a * b end
497 | 
498 | -- division; returned by 'a / b'
499 | function mt.__div(a, b) return a / b end
500 | 
501 | -- modulo; returned by 'a % b'
502 | function mt.__mod(a, b) return a % b end
503 | 
504 | -- involution; returned by 'a ^ b'
505 | function mt.__pow(a, b) return a ^ b end
506 | 
507 | -- concatenation; returned by 'a .. b'
508 | function mt.__concat(a, b) return a .. b end

509 | 510 |

metatables :: comparison operators

511 |

-- check for equality; returned by 'a == b'
512 | function mt.__eq(a, b) return a == b end
513 | 
514 | -- check for less-than; returned by 'a < b'
515 | function mt.__lt(a, b) return a < b end
516 | 
517 | -- check for less-than-or-equal; returned by 'a <= b'
518 | function mt.__le(a, b) return a <= b end

519 |

520 | 521 | 522 |

523 |

524 | 525 |

526 |

general

527 |

fullscreen:: alt + enter / cmd + f
quit:: alt + f4 / cmd + q
reload and run:: ctrl + r
save:: ctrl + s
mute / unmute:: ctrl + m
show fps:: ctrl + 1
screenshot:: ctrl + 6 / f6 / f1
cart img:: ctrl + 7 / f7 / f2
start video:: ctrl + 8 / f8 / f3
save video:: ctrl + 9 / f9 / f4
keyboard cursor:: f10
navigate editors:: alt + right / alt + left
cli completion:: tab

542 | 543 |

splore

544 |

navigate lists:: left / right
navigate carts:: up / down / home / end / pageup / pagedown
launch cart:: x / o / menu
favourite cart:: f

550 | 551 |

sprite / map editor

552 |

undo:: ctrl + z
copy (bbs support):: ctrl + c
paste (bbs support):: ctrl + v
pan:: space / mmb
navigate sprites:: q / w
navigate colours:: 1 / 2
navigate tabs:: + / -
fullscreen:: tab
zoom:: mousewheel
flip y:: f
flip x:: v
rotate:: r
move:: cursors
replace colour:: lctrl
eyedropper:: rmb
stamp w/ transparency:: lctrl
select sprites:: shift + drag

574 |

575 | 576 | 577 |

578 |

code editor

579 |

skip across words:: ctrl + left / ctrl + right
select:: shift
select word:: double click
cut:: ctrl + x
copy:: ctrl + c
paste:: ctrl + v
undo:: ctrl + z
redo:: ctrl + y
indent:: tab
unindent:: shift + tab
duplicate line:: ctrl + d
search:: ctrl + f
search across tabs:: ctrl + h
repeat search:: ctrl + g
navigate functions:: alt + up / alt + down
start / end of code:: ctrl + up / ctrl + down
button glyphs:: shift + l, r, u, d, x, o
icons:: shift + qwetyipasfghjkzcvbnm
glyph mode:: ctrl + k
toggle commenting:: ctrl + b
jump to start of line:: ctrl + w
jump to end of line:: ctrl + e

603 | 604 |

sfx / music editor

605 |

play / pause:: space
copy:: ctrl + c
paste:: ctrl + v
set all notes:: shift + lmb
modify speed:: < / >
navigate:: home, end, pageup, pagedown, mousewheel
navigate patterns:: + / -
snap to Cm pentatonic:: ctrl
speed x4:: shift
release loop:: a
delete:: backspace
0 ::: none
1 ::: slide
2 ::: vibrato
3 ::: drop (drum kick!)
4 ::: fade in
5 ::: fade out
6 ::: fast arpeggio (4 notes)
7 ::: slow arpeggio (4 notes)

627 |

628 |

629 |

630 |

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PICO-8 color palette

42 |

black       - #000000 - (  0,   0,   0)

43 |

45 |

dark-blue   - #1D2B53 - ( 29,  43,  83)

46 |

48 |

dark-purple - #7E2553 - (126,  37,  83)

49 |

51 |

dark-green  - #008751 - (  0, 136,  81)

52 |

54 |

brown       - #AB5236 - (171,  82,  54)

55 |

57 |

dark-gray   - #5F574F - ( 95,  87,  79)

58 |

60 |

light-gray  - #C2C3C7 - (194, 195, 199)

61 |

63 |

white       - #FFF1E8 - (255, 241, 232)

64 |

66 |

red         - #FF004D - (255,   0,  77)

67 |

69 |

orange      - #FFA300 - (255, 163,   0)

70 |

72 |

yellow      - #FFEC27 - (255, 236,  39)

73 |

75 |

green       - #00E436 - (  0, 228,  54)

76 |

78 |

blue        - #29ADFF - ( 41, 173, 255)

79 |

81 |

indigo      - #83769C - (131, 118, 156)

82 |

84 |

pink        - #FF77A8 - (255, 119, 168)

85 |

87 |

peach       - #FFCCAA - (255, 204, 170)

88 |

pico-8 api cheatsheet