├── Makefile ├── README.md ├── mlb.asm ├── mlbinstall.c └── LICENSE /Makefile: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | all: mlbinstall 2 | 3 | mlb.bin: mlb.asm 4 | nasm -o $@ $< 5 | 6 | mlb_bin.h: mlb.bin 7 | xxd -i $< $@ 8 | 9 | mlbinstall: mlbinstall.c mlb_bin.h 10 | gcc -std=c99 -pedantic -Wall -o $@ $< 11 | 12 | clean: 13 | rm mlbinstall mlb.bin mlb_bin.h 14 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Minimal Linux Bootloader 2 | ======================== 3 | 4 | Minimal Linux Bootloader, adapted/adopted from Sebastian Plotz. 5 | 6 | This is a single stage x86 bootloader that can boot a single Linux kernel. 7 | There is no support for initrd and only one kernel can be configured to boot at 8 | any time. 9 | 10 | While I have no plans for adding initrd support, I'm willing to consider it if 11 | there is interest. 12 | 13 | This bootloader is probably aimed at enthusiasts who are not afraid of breaking 14 | things and know how the Linux boot process works. I am *not* responsible if you 15 | render your machine unbootable with MLB. 16 | 17 | MLB was originally written by Sebastian Plotz. I've changed the code very 18 | slightly and wrote the Makefile and `mlbinstall`. 19 | 20 | http://sebastian-plotz.blogspot.de/ 21 | 22 | Dependencies 23 | ------------ 24 | 25 | - a C99 compiler (tested with GCC 4.7.3) 26 | - an x86 machine (duh) 27 | - make (tested with GNU Make 3.82) 28 | - nasm (tested with NASM 2.10.07) 29 | - xxd (tested with xxd 1.10) 30 | 31 | Building 32 | -------- 33 | 34 | Simply run `make`. You will get a binary called `mlbinstall` which you can use 35 | to install the bootloader. If you want to, stick it in /bin or something. 36 | 37 | Installing 38 | ---------- 39 | 40 | **Don't forget to backup your MBR!** 41 | 42 | dd if=/dev/sdXN of=/boot/mbr.bak bs=512 count=1 43 | 44 | To install MLB, simply invoke 45 | 46 | mlbinstall [-vbr] 47 | 48 | where: 49 | 50 | - `` is where you want your bootloader installed (e.g. a file, a block 51 | device, whatever) 52 | - `` is the kernel file to boot 53 | - `` is the command line to pass to the kernel - don't forget to 54 | pass `root=` as `mlbinstall` will not calculate the root device. Currently 55 | the command line cannot be longer than 80 bytes (more just won't fit in the 56 | MBR). 57 | - `[-vbr]` will make `mlbinstall` ignore the space for the partition table, 58 | giving you 144 bytes for the command line. You can safely use it if you're 59 | installing to a Volume Boot Record (partition), e.g. for using with another 60 | bootloader in multi-OS setups. 61 | 62 | `mlbinstall` is quite noisy if it detects any problems. Restore your MBR from 63 | backup, fix the problems, and try again. If it succeeds, it won't say anything. 64 | 65 | Error codes 66 | ----------- 67 | 68 | If MLB fails to boot your kernel, it will print a one-letter error code. 69 | Currently, there are two error codes: 70 | 71 | Error What it means 72 | ----- ---------------------------------------- 73 | R Failed reading data from disk 74 | M Failed moving data to its final location 75 | 76 | Contact 77 | ------- 78 | 79 | Email patches, pull requests, help requests to wiktor /at\ brodlo \dot/ net 80 | 81 | Alternatively, send pull requests and/or open issues on github: 82 | https://github.com/wiktor-b/mlb 83 | 84 | Thanks! 85 | 86 | - wiktor 87 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mlb.asm: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ; Minimal Linux Bootloader 2 | ; ======================== 3 | 4 | ; @ author: Sebastian Plotz 5 | ; @ version: 1.0 6 | ; @ date: 24.07.2012 7 | 8 | ; Copyright (C) 2012 Sebastian Plotz 9 | ; Copyright (C) 2014 Wiktor W Brodlo 10 | 11 | ; Minimal Linux Bootloader is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 12 | ; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 13 | ; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 14 | ; (at your option) any later version. 15 | 16 | ; Minimal Linux Bootloader is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 17 | ; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 18 | ; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 19 | ; GNU General Public License for more details. 20 | 21 | ; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 22 | ; along with Minimal Linux Bootloader. If not, see . 23 | 24 | ; Memory layout 25 | ; ============= 26 | 27 | ; 0x07c00 - 0x07dff Mininal Linux Bootloader 28 | ; + partition table 29 | ; + MBR signature 30 | ; 0x10000 - 0x17fff Real mode kernel 31 | ; 0x18000 - 0x1dfff Stack and heap 32 | ; 0x1e000 - 0x1ffff Kernel command line 33 | ; 0x20000 - 0x2fdff temporal space for 34 | ; protected-mode kernel 35 | 36 | ; base_ptr = 0x10000 37 | ; heap_end = 0xe000 38 | ; heap_end_ptr = heap_end - 0x200 = 0xde00 39 | ; cmd_line_ptr = base_ptr + heap_end = 0x1e000 40 | 41 | org 0x7c00 42 | 43 | cli 44 | xor ax, ax 45 | mov ds, ax 46 | mov ss, ax 47 | mov sp, 0x7c00 ; setup stack ... 48 | mov ax, 0x1000 49 | mov es, ax 50 | sti 51 | 52 | read_kernel_bootsector: 53 | 54 | mov eax, 0x0001 ; load one sector 55 | xor bx, bx ; no offset 56 | mov cx, 0x1000 ; load Kernel boot sector at 0x10000 57 | call read_from_hdd 58 | 59 | read_kernel_setup: 60 | 61 | xor eax, eax 62 | mov al, [es:0x1f1] ; no. of sectors to load 63 | cmp ax, 0 ; 4 if setup_sects = 0 64 | jne read_kernel_setup.next 65 | mov ax, 4 66 | .next: 67 | mov bx, 512 ; 512 byte offset 68 | mov cx, 0x1000 69 | call read_from_hdd 70 | 71 | set_header_fields: 72 | 73 | mov byte [es:0x210], 0xe1 ; set type_of_loader 74 | or byte [es:0x211], 0x80 ; set CAN_USE_HEAP 75 | mov word [es:0x224], 0xde00 ; set heap_end_ptr 76 | ;mov byte [es:0x226], 0x00 ; set ext_loader_ver 77 | mov byte [es:0x227], 0x01 ; set ext_loader_type (bootloader id: 0x11) 78 | mov dword [es:0x228], 0x1e000 ; set cmd_line_ptr 79 | cld ; copy cmd_line 80 | mov si, cmd_line 81 | mov di, 0xe000 82 | mov cx, 0xfeca ; mlbinstall replaces this with the real len 83 | rep movsb 84 | 85 | read_protected_mode_kernel: 86 | 87 | mov edx, [es:0x1f4] ; edx stores the number of bytes to load 88 | shl edx, 4 89 | .loop: 90 | cmp edx, 0 91 | je run_kernel 92 | cmp edx, 0xfe00 ; less than 127*512 bytes remaining? 93 | jb read_protected_mode_kernel_2 94 | mov eax, 0x7f ; load 127 sectors (maximum) 95 | xor bx, bx ; no offset 96 | mov cx, 0x2000 ; load temporary to 0x20000 97 | call read_from_hdd 98 | mov cx, 0x7f00 ; move 65024 bytes (127*512 byte) 99 | call do_move 100 | sub edx, 0xfe00 ; update the number of bytes to load 101 | add word [gdt.dest], 0xfe00 102 | adc byte [gdt.dest+2], 0 103 | jmp short read_protected_mode_kernel.loop 104 | 105 | read_protected_mode_kernel_2: 106 | 107 | mov eax, edx 108 | shr eax, 9 109 | test edx, 511 110 | jz read_protected_mode_kernel_2.next 111 | inc eax 112 | .next: 113 | xor bx, bx 114 | mov cx, 0x2000 115 | call read_from_hdd 116 | mov ecx, edx 117 | shr ecx, 1 118 | call do_move 119 | 120 | run_kernel: 121 | 122 | cli 123 | mov ax, 0x1000 124 | mov ds, ax 125 | mov es, ax 126 | mov fs, ax 127 | mov gs, ax 128 | mov ss, ax 129 | mov sp, 0xe000 130 | jmp 0x1020:0 131 | 132 | read_from_hdd: 133 | 134 | push edx 135 | mov [dap.count], ax 136 | mov [dap.offset], bx 137 | mov [dap.segment], cx 138 | mov edx, [current_lba] 139 | mov [dap.lba], edx 140 | add [current_lba], eax ; update current_lba 141 | mov ah, 0x42 142 | mov si, dap 143 | mov dl, 0x80 ; first hard disk 144 | int 0x13 145 | mov al, 'R' 146 | jc error 147 | pop edx 148 | ret 149 | 150 | do_move: 151 | 152 | push edx 153 | push es 154 | xor ax, ax 155 | mov es, ax 156 | mov ah, 0x87 157 | mov si, gdt 158 | int 0x15 159 | mov al, 'M' 160 | jc error 161 | pop es 162 | pop edx 163 | ret 164 | 165 | error: 166 | 167 | mov ah, 0xe 168 | xor bh, bh 169 | int 0x10 170 | .hlt: 171 | hlt 172 | jmp error.hlt 173 | 174 | ; Global Descriptor Table 175 | 176 | gdt: 177 | 178 | times 16 db 0 179 | dw 0xffff ; segment limit 180 | .src: 181 | dw 0 182 | db 2 183 | db 0x93 ; data access rights 184 | dw 0 185 | dw 0xffff ; segment limit 186 | .dest: 187 | dw 0 188 | db 0x10 ; load protected-mode kernel to 100000h 189 | db 0x93 ; data access rights 190 | dw 0 191 | times 16 db 0 192 | 193 | ; Disk Address Packet 194 | 195 | dap: 196 | 197 | db 0x10 ; size of DAP 198 | db 0 ; unused 199 | .count: 200 | dw 0 ; number of sectors 201 | .offset: 202 | dw 0 ; destination: offset 203 | .segment: 204 | dw 0 ; destination: segment 205 | .lba: 206 | dd 0 ; low bytes of LBA address 207 | dd 0 ; high bytes of LBA address 208 | 209 | current_lba dd 0xefbeadde ; mlbinstall replaces this with the kernel LBA 210 | cmd_line db 0 211 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mlbinstall.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* 2 | * mlbinstall 3 | * Configures MLB to boot a kernel with a command line and installs it on 4 | * a target (e.g. a file, a block device, ...). 5 | * 6 | * Copyright (C) 2014 Wiktor W Brodlo 7 | * 8 | * mlbinstall is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 9 | * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 10 | * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 11 | * (at your option) any later version. 12 | * 13 | * mlbinstall is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 14 | * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 15 | * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 16 | * GNU General Public License for more details. 17 | * 18 | * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 19 | * along with mlbinstall. If not, see . 20 | */ 21 | 22 | #define _BSD_SOURCE 23 | #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L 24 | #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500 25 | 26 | #include 27 | #include 28 | #include 29 | #include 30 | #include 31 | #include 32 | #include 33 | #include 34 | #include 35 | #include 36 | #include 37 | #include 38 | #include 39 | #include 40 | #include 41 | 42 | #include "mlb_bin.h" 43 | 44 | /* Checks if the kernel boot protocol is supported */ 45 | void check_version(const char *kernel) 46 | { 47 | int fd = open(kernel, O_RDONLY); 48 | if (fd == -1) 49 | err(1, "Failed opening %s", kernel); 50 | 51 | long ps = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE); 52 | size_t mlength = (512 / ps + 1) * ps; 53 | uint8_t *m = mmap(NULL, mlength, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); 54 | if (m == MAP_FAILED) 55 | err(1, "Failed mapping %s", kernel); 56 | 57 | uint32_t header = *(uint32_t *)(m + 0x202); 58 | uint16_t version = be16toh(*(uint16_t *)(m + 0x206)); 59 | uint8_t loadflags = m[0x211]; 60 | 61 | if (header != 0x53726448) 62 | errx(1, "%s is missing a Linux kernel header", kernel); 63 | if (version < 0x204) 64 | errx(1, "Kernel too old, boot protocol version >= 0x204/\ 65 | kernel version >= 2.6.14 required, but %s is 0x%x", kernel, version); 66 | if (!(loadflags & 0x01)) 67 | errx(1, "Kernel needs to be loaded high"); 68 | 69 | munmap(m, mlength); 70 | close(fd); 71 | } 72 | 73 | /* Returns the length of cmdline, including the terminating null. */ 74 | uint16_t cmdlen(const char *cmdline, size_t mlblen, size_t mbrlen) 75 | { 76 | /* Note the last byte of mlb.bin is 0, reserved for cmdline. */ 77 | size_t maxlen = mbrlen - mlblen + 1; 78 | size_t len = strnlen(cmdline, maxlen); 79 | if (len == maxlen) 80 | errx(1, "Command line too long, max length: %lu", maxlen); 81 | return len + 1; 82 | } 83 | 84 | /* Returns the kernel file LBA. */ 85 | uint32_t lba(const char *fn) 86 | { 87 | int fd = open(fn, O_RDONLY); 88 | if (fd == -1) 89 | err(1, "Failed opening %s", fn); 90 | 91 | struct fiemap *fm = calloc(1, 92 | sizeof(struct fiemap) + sizeof(struct fiemap_extent)); 93 | if (!fm) 94 | err(1, "Failed to allocate memory"); 95 | fm->fm_length = ~0ull; 96 | fm->fm_flags = FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC; 97 | fm->fm_extent_count = 1; 98 | if (ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_FIEMAP, fm) == -1) 99 | err(1, "ioctl failed"); 100 | if (close(fd)) 101 | err(1, "Failed closing %s", fn); 102 | 103 | /* 104 | * Some messages from . 105 | * TODO: Write better messages. 106 | */ 107 | bool error = false; 108 | if (!(fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST)) { 109 | warnx("%s is fragmented", fn); 110 | error = true; 111 | } 112 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN) { 113 | warnx("%s: Data location unknown", fn); 114 | error = true; 115 | } 116 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC) { 117 | warnx("%s: Location still pending", fn); 118 | error = true; 119 | } 120 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED) { 121 | warnx("%s: Data can not be read while fs is unmounted", fn); 122 | error = true; 123 | } 124 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED) { 125 | warnx("%s: Data is encrypted by fs", fn); 126 | error = true; 127 | } 128 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED) { 129 | warnx("%s: Extent offsets may not be block aligned", fn); 130 | error = true; 131 | } 132 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN) { 133 | warnx("%s: Space allocated, but no data (i.e. zero)", fn); 134 | error = true; 135 | } 136 | if (fm->fm_extents[0].fe_physical / 512 > ~0u) { 137 | warnx("%s is further than 2 TB into the disk", fn); 138 | error = true; 139 | } 140 | if (error) 141 | errx(1, "%s is unbootable due to condition(s) above", fn); 142 | 143 | /* TODO: Make this more portable. */ 144 | uint32_t lba = fm->fm_extents[0].fe_physical / 512; 145 | free(fm); 146 | return lba; 147 | } 148 | 149 | /* Copies MLB code to the MBR buffer. */ 150 | void mlbcopy(uint8_t *mbr, unsigned char *mlb, size_t mlblen) 151 | { 152 | memcpy(mbr, mlb, mlblen); 153 | } 154 | 155 | /* Copies the kernel LBA to the MBR buffer. */ 156 | void lbacopy(uint8_t *mbr, size_t mlblen, uint32_t lba) 157 | { 158 | memcpy(mbr + mlblen - 5, &lba, 4); 159 | } 160 | 161 | /* Copies the kernel command line to the MBR buffer. */ 162 | void cmdcopy(uint8_t *mbr, size_t mlblen, const char *cmd, uint16_t clen) 163 | { 164 | memcpy(mbr + mlblen - 1, cmd, clen); 165 | for (size_t i = 0; i < mlblen - 1; ++i) 166 | if (mbr[i] == 0xca && mbr[i + 1] == 0xfe) 167 | memcpy(mbr + i, &clen, 2); 168 | } 169 | 170 | /* Writes the MBR buffer to the target MBR. */ 171 | void mbrwrite(const char *target, uint8_t *mbr) 172 | { 173 | FILE *f = fopen(target, "r+"); 174 | if (!f) 175 | err(1, "Failed opening %s", target); 176 | if (!fwrite(mbr, 446, 1, f)) 177 | err(1, "%s: Failed writing the MBR", target); 178 | if (fseek(f, 510, 0)) 179 | err(1, "%s: Failed seeking to write the magic value", target); 180 | uint16_t magic = 0xaa55; 181 | if (!fwrite(&magic, 2, 1, f)) 182 | err(1, "%s: Failed writing the magic value", target); 183 | if (fclose(f)) 184 | err(1, "Failed closing %s", target); 185 | sync(); 186 | } 187 | 188 | int main(int argc, char **argv) 189 | { 190 | /* Check for -vbr first to avoid calling strncmp twice */ 191 | bool vbr = false; 192 | if (argc == 5 && !strncmp(argv[4], "-vbr", 5)) 193 | vbr = true; 194 | 195 | if ((argc != 4 && argc != 5) || (argc == 5 && !vbr)) 196 | errx(1, "Usage: %s [-vbr]\n\ 197 | Configures MLB to boot the kernel with the command line and installs it on\n\ 198 | target (could be a file, a block device, ...). Specify -vbr as the last\n\ 199 | argument to not reserve space for a partition table and gain an extra\n\ 200 | 64 bytes for the command line.\n", argv[0]); 201 | 202 | const char *target = argv[1]; 203 | const char *kernel = argv[2]; 204 | const char *cmdline = argv[3]; 205 | 206 | check_version(kernel); 207 | 208 | size_t mbr_len = vbr ? 510 : 446; 209 | uint16_t cmdline_len = cmdlen(cmdline, mlb_bin_len, mbr_len); 210 | uint32_t kernel_lba = lba(kernel); 211 | 212 | uint8_t mbr[510]; 213 | memset(mbr, 0, mbr_len); 214 | mlbcopy(mbr, mlb_bin, mlb_bin_len); 215 | lbacopy(mbr, mlb_bin_len, kernel_lba); 216 | cmdcopy(mbr, mlb_bin_len, cmdline, cmdline_len); 217 | 218 | mbrwrite(target, mbr); 219 | } 220 | 221 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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You may not convey a covered 525 | work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is 526 | in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment 527 | to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying 528 | the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the 529 | parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory 530 | patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work 531 | conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily 532 | for and in connection with specific products or compilations that 533 | contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, 534 | or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. 535 | 536 | Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting 537 | any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may 538 | otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. 539 | 540 | 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. 541 | 542 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 543 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 544 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a 545 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 546 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may 547 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you 548 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey 549 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this 550 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 551 | 552 | 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. 553 | 554 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have 555 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed 556 | under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single 557 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this 558 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, 559 | but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, 560 | section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the 561 | combination as such. 562 | 563 | 14. Revised Versions of this License. 564 | 565 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of 566 | the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will 567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 568 | address new problems or concerns. 569 | 570 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General 572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the 573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered 574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software 575 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the 576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published 577 | by the Free Software Foundation. 578 | 579 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future 580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's 581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you 582 | to choose that version for the Program. 583 | 584 | Later license versions may give you additional or different 585 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any 586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a 587 | later version. 588 | 589 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. 590 | 591 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY 592 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 596 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM 597 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF 598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 599 | 600 | 16. Limitation of Liability. 601 | 602 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 603 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS 604 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY 605 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE 606 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 607 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD 608 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), 609 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 610 | SUCH DAMAGES. 611 | 612 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} 635 | Copyright (C) {year} {name of author} 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------