├── .gitignore ├── .gitattributes ├── README.md ├── translators_guide.md ├── LICENSE ├── style_guide.md ├── status ├── books-handbook.md └── htdocs.md └── articles └── explaining-bsd └── zh_CN.po /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | *.mo -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitattributes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization 2 | * text=auto 3 | 4 | # Custom for Visual Studio 5 | *.cs diff=csharp 6 | 7 | # Standard to msysgit 8 | *.doc diff=astextplain 9 | *.DOC diff=astextplain 10 | *.docx diff=astextplain 11 | *.DOCX diff=astextplain 12 | *.dot diff=astextplain 13 | *.DOT diff=astextplain 14 | *.pdf diff=astextplain 15 | *.PDF diff=astextplain 16 | *.rtf diff=astextplain 17 | *.RTF diff=astextplain 18 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # !! Deprecation Warning !! 2 | 3 | This repo has been deprecated since we believe that the current workflow for translation is not straightforward enough. Language teams and doceng@ are discussing a better infrastructure setup, with more details TBA. 4 | 5 | In the meantime, please don't hesitate to contact myself () for any questions and suggestions. 6 | 7 | Thanks for your understanding! 8 | 9 | # FreeBSD Simplified Chinese Documentation Project 10 | 11 | ## 指南 Instructions 12 | 13 | [翻译指南 Translator's Guide](translators_guide.md) 14 | [风格指南 Style Guide](style_guide.md) 15 | 16 | ## 项目 Active Projects 17 | 18 | [`books/handbook` Status](status/books-handbook.md) 19 | [`htdocs` Status](status/htdocs.md) 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /translators_guide.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 翻译指南 Translator's Guide 2 | 3 | ## 新译者 New Contributor 4 | 5 | 完成首次设置后，提交一个 Pull Request 将自己加入 [README.md](README.md) 中的 `贡献者` 列表中。 6 | 7 | ## 首次设置 Init 8 | 9 | 安装相关依赖: 10 | 11 | - `git` 12 | - 一种 PO 编辑器 (例如 `Poedit` [Poedit 下载](https://poedit.net/)) 13 | 14 | Git设置: 15 | 16 | - 将 https://github.com/yzgyyang/freebsd-doc-cn fork 到自己的 Github。 17 | 18 | - 将自己 fork 过来的 repo clone 到本地: 19 | `git clone https://github.com/your-username-here/freebsd-doc-cn` 20 | 21 | - 进入项目文件夹: 22 | `cd freebsd-doc-cn` 23 | 24 | - 设置上游跟踪 repo: 25 | `git remote add upstream https://github.com/yzgyyang/freebsd-doc-cn` 26 | 27 | - 检查是否成功设置了上游: 28 | `git remote -v` 29 | 期望的输出: 30 | ``` 31 | origin https://github.com/your-username-here/freebsd-doc-cn (fetch) 32 | origin https://github.com/your-username-here/freebsd-doc-cn (push) 33 | upstream https://github.com/yzgyyang/freebsd-doc-cn (fetch) 34 | upstream https://github.com/yzgyyang/freebsd-doc-cn (push) 35 | ``` 36 | 37 | ## 翻译流程 Workflow 38 | 39 | - 和 ygy 联系分配任务，并更新状态。 40 | 41 | - 从上游拉取最新数据: 42 | `git pull --rebase upstream master` 43 | *若本地没有未保存的更改，而 rebase 出现了错误，可以尝试强制更新 repo:* 44 | `git fetch upstream master` 45 | `git reset --hard upstream/master` 46 | 47 | - 使用一种 PO 编辑器 (例如 `Poedit` [Poedit 下载](https://poedit.net/)) 对认领部分进行翻译: 48 | `poedit zh_CN.po` 49 | 50 | - Commit: 51 | `git add zh_CN.po` 52 | `git commit -m "Update XXX"` 53 | 54 | - 翻译完成后，向上游提交 Pull Request，并 @yzgyyang 进行 review。 55 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | BSD 3-Clause License 2 | 3 | Copyright (c) 2017, Guangyuan (Charlie) Yang 4 | All rights reserved. 5 | 6 | Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7 | modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 8 | 9 | * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this 10 | list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11 | 12 | * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, 13 | this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation 14 | and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15 | 16 | * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its 17 | contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from 18 | this software without specific prior written permission. 19 | 20 | THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" 21 | AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22 | IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 23 | DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24 | FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25 | DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR 26 | SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER 27 | CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, 28 | OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE 29 | OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 30 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /style_guide.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 风格指南 Style Guide 2 | 3 | ## [(2014) FreeBSD 中文文档计划风格]() 4 | 5 | - 使用英文单词时，如果前后有中文，使用空格分隔开。 6 | - 更新时，以英文文本为基础，以现有中文译文作为参考，尽可能保持使用原文的缩进不变。 7 | - 当现有中文文字有词不达意或漏译等情况时，请直接予以修正。 8 | 9 | ## [在文档中正确地使用中英文](http://blog.csdn.net/ahwey/article/details/443013) 10 | 11 | ## [Livid 中文 Web 阅读体验](https://web.archive.org/web/20120513134359/http://www.livid.cn/doc_view.php?doc_id=5332) 12 | 13 | - 中文正文及标题中出现的标点符号应该使用全角方式输入。 14 | - 中文正文及标题中出现的英文及数字应该使用半角方式输入，并且在左右各留一个半角空格。如果这些这些半角英文及数字的左边或者右边紧接着任何的中文全角括号或者其他标点符号的话，则不需要加入半角空格。 15 | - 中文全角空格应该只在标题处使用。 16 | - 中文的段落与段落之间应该留出一个完整的空行。 17 | 18 | ## [翻译词汇对照表](https://web.archive.org/web/20110707050306/http://www.freebsd.org.cn/cndocs/words.html) 19 | 20 | ### 前言 21 | 22 | 语言是文化的直接体现，我们要求每一位翻译小组的成员谨记。在翻译过程中，对于所有的术语和语法，我们强制性要求使用中国大陆的习惯和标准。以下术语表将起到一个规范术语的作用，请参加翻译的朋友务必遵守。 23 | 24 | ### 保持英文原文的建议 25 | 26 | - 众所周知的术语（对照表中将给出建议） 27 | - 英文人名 28 | - 系统显示的信息 29 | - 系统命令 30 | - 系统调用或函数 31 | - 系统账号或用户 32 | - 系统文件或目录名称 33 | 34 | ### 翻译词汇对照表 35 | 36 | | 英语原文 | 中文翻译 | 备注 | 37 | |-|-|-| 38 | | administrator | 管理员 | 特指 Windows 系统管理员账号“Administrator”请保持英语原文 | 39 | | advanced | 先进（的），高级（的）|| 40 | | boot | 引导 || 41 | | Boot Manager | 引导管理器 || 42 | | CD / CD-ROM / CDROM | 光盘 || 43 | | CD / CD-ROM / CDROM driver | 光盘驱动器，光驱 || 44 | | configure | 配置，设置 || 45 | | configuration | 配置，设置 | 也可指配置文件，根据上下文理解 | 46 | | copy | 名词：副本；动词：复制 | 请勿音译为“拷贝” | 47 | | delete | 删除 || 48 | | detect | 检测 || 49 | | device | 设备 || 50 | | disk | 磁盘 || 51 | | driver | 驱动器，驱动程序 || 52 | | edit | 编辑 || 53 | | editor | 编辑器，编辑（职务）|| 54 | | edition | 版，版次，版本 || 55 | | Email / E-mail | 电子邮件 | 也可保持英文原文，请勿翻译为“电子函件” | 56 | | file | 文件 || 57 | | floppy disk | 软盘 || 58 | | floppy disk driver | 软盘驱动器，软驱 || 59 | | forced | 强制（的）|| 60 | | get | 获取 || 61 | | hard disk | 硬盘 || 62 | | hardware | 硬件 || 63 | | information | 信息 || 64 | | install | 安装 || 65 | | Internet | 互联网 | 也可保持英文原文，请勿翻译为“因特网” | 66 | | load | n. 负荷，负载；v. 加载 || 67 | | mail | 邮件 || 68 | | message | 信息，消息 | 有时可译作“邮件” | 69 | | mode | 模式 || 70 | | net | 网 || 71 | | network | 网络 || 72 | | open | 打开，开启 || 73 | | Operating System (OS) | 操作系统 || 74 | | remove | 删除（文件），移除、取出、拿掉（物理设备）|| 75 | | root | 根 | 特指 UNIX 系统管理员账号“root”请保持英语原文 || 76 | | setup | 安装，配置 || 77 | | software | 软件 || 78 | | window | 窗口 || 79 | | Windows || 特指微软操作系统“Windows”请保持英语原文 | 80 | | X Window || 特指 UNIX 桌面环境“X Window”请保持英语原文 | 81 | 82 | ## [Tips for Translators](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/fdp-primer/po-translations-tips.html) 83 | 84 | ### 12.5.1. Preserving XML Tags 85 | Preserve XML tags that are shown in the English original. 86 | 87 | Example: Preserving XML Tags 88 | English original: 89 | ``` 90 | If NTP is not being used 91 | ``` 92 | Spanish translation: 93 | ``` 94 | Si NTP no se utiliza 95 | ``` 96 | 97 | ### 12.5.2. Preserving Spaces 98 | Preserve existing spaces at the beginning and end of strings to be translated. The translated version must have these spaces also. 99 | 100 | ### 12.5.3. Verbatim Tags 101 | The contents of some tags should be copied verbatim, not translated: 102 | 103 | ``` 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | ``` 118 | 119 | ### 12.5.4. $FreeBSD$ Strings 120 | The $FreeBSD$ version strings used in files require special handling. In examples like Example 12.1, “Creating a Spanish Translation of the Porter's Handbook”, these strings are not meant to be expanded. The English documents use `$` entities to avoid including actual literal dollar signs in the file: 121 | ``` 122 | $FreeBSD$ 123 | ``` 124 | The $ entities are not seen as dollar signs by the version control system and so the string is not expanded into a version string. 125 | 126 | When a PO file is created, the $ entities used in examples are replaced with actual dollar signs. The resulting literal $FreeBSD$ string will be wrongly expanded by the version control system when the file is committed. 127 | 128 | The same technique as used in the English documents can be used in the translation. The $ is used to replace the dollar sign in the translation entered into the PO editor: 129 | ``` 130 | $FreeBSD$ 131 | ``` 132 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /status/books-handbook.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # `books/handbook` Status 2 | 3 | ## Status 4 | 5 | | Title | Assignee | Status | Pull Request | 6 | |-|:-:|:-:|:-:| 7 | | Preface | ygy | ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `Updated` | #12 | 8 | | I. Getting Started 1. Introduction || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 9 | | 2. Installing FreeBSD || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 10 | | 3. FreeBSD Basics || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 11 | | 4. Installing Applications: Packages and Ports || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 12 | | 5. The X Window System || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 13 | | II. Common Tasks 6. Desktop Applications || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 14 | | 7. Multimedia || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 15 | | 8. Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 16 | | 9. Printing || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 17 | | 10. Linux® Binary Compatibility || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 18 | | III. System Administration 11. Configuration and Tuning || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 19 | | 12. The FreeBSD Booting Process || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 20 | | 13. Security ||![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 21 | | 14. Jails || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 22 | | 15. Mandatory Access Control || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 23 | | 16. Security Event Auditing || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 24 | | 17. Storage || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 25 | | 18. GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 26 | | 19. The Z File System (ZFS) || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 27 | | 20. Other File Systems || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 28 | | 21. Virtualization || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 29 | | 22. Localization - i18n/L10n Usage and Setup || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 30 | | 23. Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 31 | | 24. DTrace || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 32 | | IV. Network Communication 25. Serial Communications || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 33 | | 26. PPP || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 34 | | 27. Electronic Mail || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 35 | | 28. Network Servers || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 36 | | 29. Firewalls || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 37 | | 30. Advanced Networking || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 38 | | V. Appendices A. Obtaining FreeBSD || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 39 | | B. Bibliography || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 40 | | C. Resources on the Internet || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 41 | | D. OpenPGP Keys || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 42 | | FreeBSD Glossary || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 43 | | Index || ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` || 44 | 45 | Legend: 46 | - ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` 47 | - ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `Updated` 48 | - ![#1589f0](https://placehold.it/15/1589f0/000000?text=+) `In Progress` 49 | - ![#c6c6c6](https://placehold.it/15/c6c6c6/000000?text=+) `Fine` 50 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /status/htdocs.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # `htdocs` Status 2 | 3 | ## Workflow 4 | 5 | - Working Repository: https://github.com/yzgyyang/freebsd-doc-dev 6 | => (triggers) 7 | - Experimental CI Setup: http://ci.charlieyang.me:8180/jenkins 8 | => (installs to) 9 | - Deployment Repository: https://github.com/yzgyyang/freebsd-doc-web-deploy 10 | => (deploy to) 11 | - Test Server: (Not Available yet) 12 | 13 | ## Status 14 | 15 | ### /share/xml 16 | As of rD50662 17 | . 18 | ├── authors-in-author-tag.ent 19 | ├── authors.ent 20 | ├── catalog.xml 21 | ├── entities.ent 22 | ├── freebsd-dblatex.xsl 23 | ├── freebsd-fo.xsl 24 | ├── freebsd-xhtml.xsl 25 | ├── glossary.ent 26 | ├── header.l10n.ent 27 | ├── l10n.ent 28 | ├── libcommon.xsl 29 | ├── mailing-lists.ent 30 | ├── mirrors-local.xsl 31 | ├── navibar.l10n.ent 32 | ├── news.xml 33 | ├── press.xml 34 | ├── release.l10n.ent 35 | ├── teams.ent 36 | ├── trademarks.ent 37 | ├── transtable-local.xsl 38 | └── transtable.xml 39 | 40 | ### /htdocs 41 | As of rD50588 42 | . 43 | ├── about.xml 44 | ├── advocacy 45 | │   ├── index.xml 46 | │   ├── Makefile 47 | │   └── myths.xml 48 | ├── applications.xml ![#c6c6c6](https://placehold.it/15/c6c6c6/000000?text=+) `Fine` 49 | ├── art.xml ![#c6c6c6](https://placehold.it/15/c6c6c6/000000?text=+) `Fine` 50 | ├── availability.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Delete` 51 | ├── community.xml ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `Updated Sep 30 15:57:11 2017 UTC` 52 | ├── copyright 53 | │   ├── copyright.xml 54 | │   ├── daemon.xml 55 | │   ├── freebsd-doc-license.xml 56 | │   ├── freebsd-license.xml 57 | │   ├── license.xml 58 | │   ├── Makefile 59 | │   └── trademarks.xml 60 | ├── developers.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Delete` 61 | ├── doc 62 | │   └── Makefile 63 | ├── docs.xml ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `Updated Aug 22 15:18:59 2017 UTC` [rD50702](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50702) 64 | ├── features.xml 65 | ├── index.xsl ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `Updated Aug 10 16:19:36 2017 UTC` [rD50658](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50658) 66 | ├── internet.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Delete` 67 | ├── logo.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` 68 | ├── mailto.xml ![#c6c6c6](https://placehold.it/15/c6c6c6/000000?text=+) `Fine` 69 | ├── Makefile 70 | ├── Makefile.inc 71 | ├── news 72 | │   ├── Makefile 73 | │   ├── Makefile.inc 74 | │   ├── news.xml 75 | │   └── pressreleases.xml 76 | ├── platforms 77 | │   ├── alpha.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` 78 | │   ├── amd64 79 | │   │   ├── Makefile 80 | │   │   └── motherboards.xml 81 | │   ├── amd64.xml 82 | │   ├── arm.xml 83 | │   ├── i386.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` 84 | │   ├── index.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` 85 | │   ├── Makefile 86 | │   └── Makefile.inc 87 | ... 88 | ├── relnotes.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Delete` 89 | ├── security 90 | │   ├── charter.xml 91 | │   ├── Makefile 92 | │   ├── mkindex.xsl 93 | │   └── security.xml 94 | ├── send-pr.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Delete` 95 | ├── support.xml ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `Needs Update` 96 | └── where.xml ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `Updated Sep 26 16:42:52 2017 UTC` 97 | 98 | ### Legend 99 | - ![#f03c15](https://placehold.it/15/f03c15/000000?text=+) `#f03c15` 100 | - ![#c5f015](https://placehold.it/15/c5f015/000000?text=+) `#c5f015` 101 | - ![#1589f0](https://placehold.it/15/1589f0/000000?text=+) `#1589f0` 102 | - ![#c6c6c6](https://placehold.it/15/c6c6c6/000000?text=+) `#c6c6c6` 103 | 104 | ## Doc Commits 105 | | Time | Name | Differential | Commit | Reviewer | Committer | Contributor | 106 | |:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:| 107 | | Sep 30 15:57:11 2017 UTC | Update community.xsl | [D12305](https://reviews.freebsd.org/D12305) | [rD51003](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=51003) | loader@ | ygy@ | ygy@ | 108 | | Sep 26 16:42:52 2017 UTC | Update where.xml | [D12015](https://reviews.freebsd.org/D12015) | [rD50934](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50934) | loader@ delphij@ rcyu@ | ygy@ | ygy@ | 109 | | Aug 22 15:18:59 2017 UTC | Update docs.xml | [D12012](https://reviews.freebsd.org/D12012) | [rD50702](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50702) | loader@ | rcyu@ | ygy@ | 110 | | Aug 11 16:03:20 2017 UTC | Update share/xml/header.l10n.ent and remove layout | [D11794](https://reviews.freebsd.org/D11794) | [rD50662](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50662) | delphij@ | rcyu@ | ygy@ | 111 | | Aug 10 16:19:36 2017 UTC | Update index.xsl | [D11792](https://reviews.freebsd.org/D11792) | [rD50658](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50658) | delphij@ | rcyu@ | ygy@ | 112 | | Jul 27 15:12:33 2017 UTC | Add articles/leap-seconds | [D11739](https://reviews.freebsd.org/D11739) | [rD50588](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50588) | delphij@ | rcyu@ | ygy@ | 113 | 114 | ## Misc. Bugs and Commits 115 | | Time | Name | Bug Report | Commit | Committer | Contributor | 116 | |:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:| 117 | | Aug 7 06:10:20 2017 UTC | zh_TW.UTF-8/htdocs/index.xsl: no translation available for newbies.html | [PR221267](https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=221267) | [rD50642](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50642) | rcyu@ | ygy@ | 118 | | Aug 7 06:05:06 2017 UTC | zh_TW.UTF-8/share/header.l10n.ent: change CVS to SVN | [PR221273](https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=221273) | [rD50641](https://svnweb.freebsd.org/doc?view=revision&revision=50641) | rcyu@ | ygy@ | 119 | 120 | ## Pastebin (Docs Tree Misc.) 121 | ``` 122 | ├── releases 123 | │   ├── 5.4R 124 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 125 | │   │   ├── errata.html 126 | │   │   ├── hardware-amd64.html 127 | │   │   ├── hardware-i386.html 128 | │   │   ├── hardware.xml 129 | │   │   ├── installation-alpha.html 130 | │   │   ├── installation-amd64.html 131 | │   │   ├── installation-i386.html 132 | │   │   ├── installation-ia64.html 133 | │   │   ├── installation-pc98.html 134 | │   │   ├── installation-sparc64.html 135 | │   │   ├── installation.xml 136 | │   │   ├── Makefile 137 | │   │   ├── migration-guide.html 138 | │   │   ├── readme.html 139 | │   │   ├── relnotes-alpha.html 140 | │   │   ├── relnotes-amd64.html 141 | │   │   ├── relnotes-i386.html 142 | │   │   ├── relnotes-ia64.html 143 | │   │   ├── relnotes-pc98.html 144 | │   │   ├── relnotes-sparc64.html 145 | │   │   └── relnotes.xml 146 | │   ├── 5.5R 147 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 148 | │   │   ├── errata.html 149 | │   │   ├── hardware-amd64.html 150 | │   │   ├── hardware-i386.html 151 | │   │   ├── hardware.xml 152 | │   │   ├── installation-alpha.html 153 | │   │   ├── installation-amd64.html 154 | │   │   ├── installation-i386.html 155 | │   │   ├── installation-ia64.html 156 | │   │   ├── installation-pc98.html 157 | │   │   ├── installation-sparc64.html 158 | │   │   ├── installation.xml 159 | │   │   ├── Makefile 160 | │   │   ├── readme.html 161 | │   │   ├── relnotes-alpha.html 162 | │   │   ├── relnotes-amd64.html 163 | │   │   ├── relnotes-i386.html 164 | │   │   ├── relnotes-ia64.html 165 | │   │   ├── relnotes-pc98.html 166 | │   │   ├── relnotes-sparc64.html 167 | │   │   └── relnotes.xml 168 | │   ├── 6.0R 169 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 170 | │   │   ├── errata.html 171 | │   │   ├── hardware-amd64.html 172 | │   │   ├── hardware-i386.html 173 | │   │   ├── hardware.xml 174 | │   │   ├── installation-alpha.html 175 | │   │   ├── installation-amd64.html 176 | │   │   ├── installation-i386.html 177 | │   │   ├── installation-ia64.html 178 | │   │   ├── installation-pc98.html 179 | │   │   ├── installation-sparc64.html 180 | │   │   ├── installation.xml 181 | │   │   ├── Makefile 182 | │   │   ├── readme.html 183 | │   │   ├── relnotes-alpha.html 184 | │   │   ├── relnotes-amd64.html 185 | │   │   ├── relnotes-i386.html 186 | │   │   ├── relnotes-ia64.html 187 | │   │   ├── relnotes-pc98.html 188 | │   │   ├── relnotes-sparc64.html 189 | │   │   └── relnotes.xml 190 | │   ├── 6.1R 191 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 192 | │   │   ├── errata.html 193 | │   │   ├── hardware-amd64.html 194 | │   │   ├── hardware-i386.html 195 | │   │   ├── hardware.xml 196 | │   │   ├── installation-alpha.html 197 | │   │   ├── installation-amd64.html 198 | │   │   ├── installation-i386.html 199 | │   │   ├── installation-ia64.html 200 | │   │   ├── installation-pc98.html 201 | │   │   ├── installation-sparc64.html 202 | │   │   ├── installation.xml 203 | │   │   ├── Makefile 204 | │   │   ├── readme.html 205 | │   │   ├── relnotes-alpha.html 206 | │   │   ├── relnotes-amd64.html 207 | │   │   ├── relnotes-i386.html 208 | │   │   ├── relnotes-ia64.html 209 | │   │   ├── relnotes-pc98.html 210 | │   │   ├── relnotes-sparc64.html 211 | │   │   └── relnotes.xml 212 | │   ├── 6.2R 213 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 214 | │   │   ├── errata.html 215 | │   │   ├── hardware-amd64.html 216 | │   │   ├── hardware-i386.html 217 | │   │   ├── hardware.xml 218 | │   │   ├── installation-alpha.html 219 | │   │   ├── installation-amd64.html 220 | │   │   ├── installation-i386.html 221 | │   │   ├── installation-ia64.html 222 | │   │   ├── installation-pc98.html 223 | │   │   ├── installation-sparc64.html 224 | │   │   ├── installation.xml 225 | │   │   ├── Makefile 226 | │   │   ├── readme.html 227 | │   │   ├── relnotes-alpha.html 228 | │   │   ├── relnotes-amd64.html 229 | │   │   ├── relnotes-i386.html 230 | │   │   ├── relnotes-ia64.html 231 | │   │   ├── relnotes-pc98.html 232 | │   │   ├── relnotes-sparc64.html 233 | │   │   └── relnotes.xml 234 | │   ├── 6.3R 235 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 236 | │   │   ├── errata.html 237 | │   │   ├── hardware-amd64.html 238 | │   │   ├── hardware-i386.html 239 | │   │   ├── hardware.xml 240 | │   │   ├── installation-alpha.html 241 | │   │   ├── installation-amd64.html 242 | │   │   ├── installation-i386.html 243 | │   │   ├── installation-pc98.html 244 | │   │   ├── installation-powerpc.html 245 | │   │   ├── installation-sparc64.html 246 | │   │   ├── installation.xml 247 | │   │   ├── Makefile 248 | │   │   ├── readme.html 249 | │   │   ├── relnotes-alpha.html 250 | │   │   ├── relnotes-amd64.html 251 | │   │   ├── relnotes-i386.html 252 | │   │   ├── relnotes-pc98.html 253 | │   │   ├── relnotes-powerpc.html 254 | │   │   ├── relnotes-sparc64.html 255 | │   │   └── relnotes.xml 256 | │   ├── 7.0R 257 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 258 | │   │   ├── errata.html 259 | │   │   ├── hardware.html 260 | │   │   ├── Makefile 261 | │   │   ├── readme.html 262 | │   │   └── relnotes.html 263 | │   ├── 7.1R 264 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 265 | │   │   ├── errata.html 266 | │   │   ├── hardware.html 267 | │   │   ├── Makefile 268 | │   │   ├── readme.html 269 | │   │   └── relnotes.html 270 | │   ├── 7.2R 271 | │   │   ├── docbook.css 272 | │   │   ├── errata.html 273 | │   │   ├── hardware.html 274 | │   │   ├── Makefile 275 | │   │   ├── readme.html 276 | │   │   └── relnotes-detailed.html 277 | │   ├── index.xml 278 | │   ├── Makefile 279 | │   └── Makefile.inc 280 | ``` 281 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /articles/explaining-bsd/zh_CN.po: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #$FreeBSD$ 2 | msgid "" 3 | msgstr "" 4 | "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" 5 | "POT-Creation-Date: 2018-08-10 16:34+0000\n" 6 | "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" 7 | "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" 8 | "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" 9 | "Language: zh_CN\n" 10 | "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" 11 | "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" 12 | "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" 13 | 14 | #. Put one translator per line, in the form NAME , YEAR1, YEAR2 15 | msgctxt "_" 16 | msgid "translator-credits" 17 | msgstr "" 18 | 19 | #. (itstool) path: info/title 20 | #: article.translate.xml:7 21 | msgid "Explaining BSD" 22 | msgstr "" 23 | 24 | #. (itstool) path: affiliation/address 25 | #: article.translate.xml:10 26 | #, no-wrap 27 | msgid "" 28 | "grog@FreeBSD.org" 29 | msgstr "" 30 | 31 | #. (itstool) path: info/author 32 | #: article.translate.xml:9 33 | msgid "GregLehey <_:address-1/> " 34 | msgstr "" 35 | 36 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 37 | #: article.translate.xml:14 38 | msgid "FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation." 39 | msgstr "" 40 | 41 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 42 | #: article.translate.xml:16 43 | msgid "AMD, AMD Athlon, AMD Opteron, AMD Phenom, AMD Sempron, AMD Turion, Athlon, Élan, Opteron, and PCnet are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc." 44 | msgstr "" 45 | 46 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 47 | #: article.translate.xml:19 48 | msgid "Apple, AirPort, FireWire, iMac, iPhone, iPad, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries." 49 | msgstr "" 50 | 51 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 52 | #: article.translate.xml:24 53 | msgid "Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries." 54 | msgstr "" 55 | 56 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 57 | #: article.translate.xml:28 58 | msgid "Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds." 59 | msgstr "" 60 | 61 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 62 | #: article.translate.xml:30 63 | msgid "Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries." 64 | msgstr "" 65 | 66 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 67 | #: article.translate.xml:34 68 | msgid "SPARC, SPARC64, and UltraSPARC are trademarks of SPARC International, Inc in the United States and other countries. SPARC International, Inc owns all of the SPARC trademarks and under licensing agreements allows the proper use of these trademarks by its members." 69 | msgstr "" 70 | 71 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 72 | #: article.translate.xml:39 73 | msgid "Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS and VirtualBox are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries." 74 | msgstr "" 75 | 76 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 77 | #: article.translate.xml:44 78 | msgid "UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries." 79 | msgstr "" 80 | 81 | #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para 82 | #: article.translate.xml:46 83 | msgid "Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the ™ or the ® symbol." 84 | msgstr "" 85 | 86 | #. (itstool) path: info/pubdate 87 | #. (itstool) path: info/releaseinfo 88 | #: article.translate.xml:54 89 | #: article.translate.xml:56 90 | msgid "$FreeBSD$" 91 | msgstr "" 92 | 93 | #. (itstool) path: abstract/para 94 | #: article.translate.xml:59 95 | msgid "In the open source world, the word Linux is almost synonymous with Operating System, but it is not the only open source UNIX operating system." 96 | msgstr "" 97 | 98 | #. (itstool) path: abstract/para 99 | #: article.translate.xml:63 100 | msgid "So what is the secret? Why is BSD not better known? This white paper addresses these and other questions." 101 | msgstr "" 102 | 103 | #. (itstool) path: abstract/para 104 | #: article.translate.xml:66 105 | msgid "Throughout this paper, differences between BSD and Linux will be noted like this." 106 | msgstr "" 107 | 108 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/title 109 | #: article.translate.xml:72 110 | msgid "What is BSD?" 111 | msgstr "" 112 | 113 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 114 | #: article.translate.xml:74 115 | msgid "BSD stands for Berkeley Software Distribution. It is the name of distributions of source code from the University of California, Berkeley, which were originally extensions to AT&T's Research UNIX operating system. Several open source operating system projects are based on a release of this source code known as 4.4BSD-Lite. In addition, they comprise a number of packages from other Open Source projects, including notably the GNU project. The overall operating system comprises:" 116 | msgstr "" 117 | 118 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 119 | #: article.translate.xml:86 120 | msgid "The BSD kernel, which handles process scheduling, memory management, symmetric multi-processing (SMP), device drivers, etc." 121 | msgstr "" 122 | 123 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 124 | #: article.translate.xml:92 125 | msgid "The C library, the base API for the system." 126 | msgstr "" 127 | 128 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 129 | #: article.translate.xml:94 130 | msgid "The BSD C library is based on code from Berkeley, not the GNU project." 131 | msgstr "" 132 | 133 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 134 | #: article.translate.xml:99 135 | msgid "Utilities such as shells, file utilities, compilers and linkers." 136 | msgstr "" 137 | 138 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 139 | #: article.translate.xml:102 140 | msgid "Some of the utilities are derived from the GNU project, others are not." 141 | msgstr "" 142 | 143 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 144 | #: article.translate.xml:107 145 | msgid "The X Window system, which handles graphical display." 146 | msgstr "" 147 | 148 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 149 | #: article.translate.xml:110 150 | msgid "The X Window system used in most versions of BSD is maintained by the X.Org project. FreeBSD allows the user to choose from a variety of desktop environments, such as Gnome, KDE, or Xfce; and lightweight window managers like Openbox, Fluxbox, or Awesome." 151 | msgstr "" 152 | 153 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 154 | #: article.translate.xml:123 155 | msgid "Many other programs and utilities." 156 | msgstr "" 157 | 158 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/title 159 | #: article.translate.xml:129 160 | msgid "What, a real UNIX?" 161 | msgstr "" 162 | 163 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 164 | #: article.translate.xml:131 165 | msgid "The BSD operating systems are not clones, but open source derivatives of AT&T's Research UNIX operating system, which is also the ancestor of the modern UNIX System V. This may surprise you. How could that happen when AT&T has never released its code as open source?" 166 | msgstr "" 167 | 168 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 169 | #: article.translate.xml:137 170 | msgid "It is true that AT&T UNIX is not open source, and in a copyright sense BSD is very definitely not UNIX, but on the other hand, AT&T has imported sources from other projects, noticeably the Computer Sciences Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California in Berkeley, CA. Starting in 1976, the CSRG started releasing tapes of their software, calling them Berkeley Software Distribution or BSD." 171 | msgstr "" 172 | 173 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 174 | #: article.translate.xml:146 175 | msgid "Initial BSD releases consisted mainly of user programs, but that changed dramatically when the CSRG landed a contract with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to upgrade the communications protocols on their network, ARPANET. The new protocols were known as the Internet Protocols, later TCP/IP after the most important protocols. The first widely distributed implementation was part of 4.2BSD, in 1982." 176 | msgstr "" 177 | 178 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 179 | #: article.translate.xml:155 180 | msgid "In the course of the 1980s, a number of new workstation companies sprang up. Many preferred to license UNIX rather than developing operating systems for themselves. In particular, Sun Microsystems licensed UNIX and implemented a version of 4.2BSD, which they called SunOS. When AT&T themselves were allowed to sell UNIX commercially, they started with a somewhat bare-bones implementation called System III, to be quickly followed by System V. The System V code base did not include networking, so all implementations included additional software from the BSD, including the TCP/IP software, but also utilities such as the csh shell and the vi editor. Collectively, these enhancements were known as the Berkeley Extensions." 181 | msgstr "" 182 | 183 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 184 | #: article.translate.xml:170 185 | msgid "The BSD tapes contained AT&T source code and thus required a UNIX source license. By 1990, the CSRG's funding was running out, and it faced closure. Some members of the group decided to release the BSD code, which was Open Source, without the AT&T proprietary code. This finally happened with the Networking Tape 2, usually known as Net/2. Net/2 was not a complete operating system: about 20% of the kernel code was missing. One of the CSRG members, William F. Jolitz, wrote the remaining code and released it in early 1992 as 386BSD. At the same time, another group of ex-CSRG members formed a commercial company called Berkeley Software Design Inc. and released a beta version of an operating system called BSD/386, which was based on the same sources. The name of the operating system was later changed to BSD/OS." 186 | msgstr "" 187 | 188 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 189 | #: article.translate.xml:187 190 | msgid "386BSD never became a stable operating system. Instead, two other projects split off from it in 1993: NetBSD and FreeBSD. The two projects originally diverged due to differences in patience waiting for improvements to 386BSD: the NetBSD people started early in the year, and the first version of FreeBSD was not ready until the end of the year. In the meantime, the code base had diverged sufficiently to make it difficult to merge. In addition, the projects had different aims, as we will see below. In 1996, OpenBSD split off from NetBSD, and in 2003, DragonFlyBSD split off from FreeBSD." 191 | msgstr "" 192 | 193 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/title 194 | #: article.translate.xml:201 195 | msgid "Why is BSD not better known?" 196 | msgstr "" 197 | 198 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 199 | #: article.translate.xml:203 200 | msgid "For a number of reasons, BSD is relatively unknown:" 201 | msgstr "" 202 | 203 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 204 | #: article.translate.xml:207 205 | msgid "The BSD developers are often more interested in polishing their code than marketing it." 206 | msgstr "" 207 | 208 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 209 | #: article.translate.xml:212 210 | msgid "Much of Linux's popularity is due to factors external to the Linux projects, such as the press, and to companies formed to provide Linux services. Until recently, the open source BSDs had no such proponents." 211 | msgstr "" 212 | 213 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 214 | #: article.translate.xml:219 215 | msgid "In 1992, AT&T sued BSDI, the vendor of BSD/386, alleging that the product contained AT&T-copyrighted code. The case was settled out of court in 1994, but the spectre of the litigation continues to haunt people. In March 2000 an article published on the web claimed that the court case had been recently settled." 216 | msgstr "" 217 | 218 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 219 | #: article.translate.xml:227 220 | msgid "One detail that the lawsuit did clarify is the naming: in the 1980s, BSD was known as BSD UNIX. With the elimination of the last vestige of AT&T code from BSD, it also lost the right to the name UNIX. Thus you will see references in book titles to the 4.3BSD UNIX operating system and the 4.4BSD operating system." 221 | msgstr "" 222 | 223 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/title 224 | #: article.translate.xml:239 225 | msgid "Comparing BSD and Linux" 226 | msgstr "" 227 | 228 | #. (itstool) path: sect1/para 229 | #: article.translate.xml:241 230 | msgid "So what is really the difference between, say, Debian Linux and FreeBSD? For the average user, the difference is surprisingly small: Both are UNIX like operating systems. Both are developed by non-commercial projects (this does not apply to many other Linux distributions, of course). In the following section, we will look at BSD and compare it to Linux. The description applies most closely to FreeBSD, which accounts for an estimated 80% of the BSD installations, but the differences from NetBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFlyBSD are small." 231 | msgstr "" 232 | 233 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 234 | #: article.translate.xml:253 235 | msgid "Who owns BSD?" 236 | msgstr "" 237 | 238 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 239 | #: article.translate.xml:255 240 | msgid "No one person or corporation owns BSD. It is created and distributed by a community of highly technical and committed contributors all over the world. Some of the components of BSD are Open Source projects in their own right and managed by different project maintainers." 241 | msgstr "" 242 | 243 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 244 | #: article.translate.xml:263 245 | msgid "How is BSD developed and updated?" 246 | msgstr "" 247 | 248 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 249 | #: article.translate.xml:265 250 | msgid "The BSD kernels are developed and updated following the Open Source development model. Each project maintains a publicly accessible source tree which contains all source files for the project, including documentation and other incidental files. Users can obtain a complete copy of any version." 251 | msgstr "" 252 | 253 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 254 | #: article.translate.xml:272 255 | msgid "A large number of developers worldwide contribute to improvements to BSD. They are divided into three kinds:" 256 | msgstr "" 257 | 258 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 259 | #: article.translate.xml:278 260 | msgid "Contributors write code or documentation. They are not permitted to commit (add code) directly to the source tree. In order for their code to be included in the system, it must be reviewed and checked in by a registered developer, known as a committer." 261 | msgstr "" 262 | 263 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 264 | #: article.translate.xml:287 265 | msgid "Committers are developers with write access to the source tree. In order to become a committer, an individual must show ability in the area in which they are active." 266 | msgstr "" 267 | 268 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 269 | #: article.translate.xml:292 270 | msgid "It is at the individual committer's discretion whether they should obtain authority before committing changes to the source tree. In general, an experienced committer may make changes which are obviously correct without obtaining consensus. For example, a documentation project committer may correct typographical or grammatical errors without review. On the other hand, developers making far-reaching or complicated changes are expected to submit their changes for review before committing them. In extreme cases, a core team member with a function such as Principal Architect may order that changes be removed from the tree, a process known as backing out. All committers receive mail describing each individual commit, so it is not possible to commit secretly." 271 | msgstr "" 272 | 273 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 274 | #: article.translate.xml:310 275 | msgid "The Core team. FreeBSD and NetBSD each have a core team which manages the project. The core teams developed in the course of the projects, and their role is not always well-defined. It is not necessary to be a developer in order to be a core team member, though it is normal. The rules for the core team vary from one project to the other, but in general they have more say in the direction of the project than non-core team members have." 276 | msgstr "" 277 | 278 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 279 | #: article.translate.xml:322 280 | msgid "This arrangement differs from Linux in a number of ways:" 281 | msgstr "" 282 | 283 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 284 | #: article.translate.xml:327 285 | msgid "No one person controls the content of the system. In practice, this difference is overrated, since the Principal Architect can require that code be backed out, and even in the Linux project several people are permitted to make changes." 286 | msgstr "" 287 | 288 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 289 | #: article.translate.xml:335 290 | msgid "On the other hand, there is a central repository, a single place where you can find the entire operating system sources, including all older versions." 291 | msgstr "" 292 | 293 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 294 | #: article.translate.xml:342 295 | msgid "BSD projects maintain the entire Operating System, not only the kernel. This distinction is only marginally useful: neither BSD nor Linux is useful without applications. The applications used under BSD are frequently the same as the applications used under Linux." 296 | msgstr "" 297 | 298 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 299 | #: article.translate.xml:351 300 | msgid "As a result of the formalized maintenance of a single SVN source tree, BSD development is clear, and it is possible to access any version of the system by release number or by date. SVN also allows incremental updates to the system: for example, the FreeBSD repository is updated about 100 times a day. Most of these changes are small." 301 | msgstr "" 302 | 303 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 304 | #: article.translate.xml:363 305 | msgid "BSD releases" 306 | msgstr "" 307 | 308 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 309 | #: article.translate.xml:365 310 | msgid "FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD provide the system in three different releases. As with Linux, releases are assigned a number such as 1.4.1 or 3.5. In addition, the version number has a suffix indicating its purpose:" 311 | msgstr "" 312 | 313 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 314 | #: article.translate.xml:372 315 | msgid "The development version of the system is called CURRENT. FreeBSD assigns a number to CURRENT, for example FreeBSD 5.0-CURRENT. NetBSD uses a slightly different naming scheme and appends a single-letter suffix which indicates changes in the internal interfaces, for example NetBSD 1.4.3G. OpenBSD does not assign a number (OpenBSD-current). All new development on the system goes into this branch." 316 | msgstr "" 317 | 318 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 319 | #: article.translate.xml:384 320 | msgid "At regular intervals, between two and four times a year, the projects bring out a RELEASE version of the system, which is available on CD-ROM and for free download from FTP sites, for example OpenBSD 2.6-RELEASE or NetBSD 1.4-RELEASE. The RELEASE version is intended for end users and is the normal version of the system. NetBSD also provides patch releases with a third digit, for example NetBSD 1.4.2." 321 | msgstr "" 322 | 323 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 324 | #: article.translate.xml:396 325 | msgid "As bugs are found in a RELEASE version, they are fixed, and the fixes are added to the SVN tree. In FreeBSD, the resultant version is called the STABLE version, while in NetBSD and OpenBSD it continues to be called the RELEASE version. Smaller new features can also be added to this branch after a period of test in the CURRENT branch. Security and other important bug fixes are also applied to all supported RELEASE versions." 326 | msgstr "" 327 | 328 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 329 | #: article.translate.xml:408 330 | msgid "By contrast, Linux maintains two separate code trees: the stable version and the development version. Stable versions have an even minor version number, such as 2.0, 2.2 or 2.4. Development versions have an odd minor version number, such as 2.1, 2.3 or 2.5. In each case, the number is followed by a further number designating the exact release. In addition, each vendor adds their own userland programs and utilities, so the name of the distribution is also important. Each distribution vendor also assigns version numbers to the distribution, so a complete description might be something like TurboLinux 6.0 with kernel 2.2.14" 331 | msgstr "" 332 | 333 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 334 | #: article.translate.xml:423 335 | msgid "What versions of BSD are available?" 336 | msgstr "" 337 | 338 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 339 | #: article.translate.xml:425 340 | msgid "In contrast to the numerous Linux distributions, there are only four major open source BSDs. Each BSD project maintains its own source tree and its own kernel. In practice, though, there appear to be fewer divergences between the userland code of the projects than there is in Linux." 341 | msgstr "" 342 | 343 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 344 | #: article.translate.xml:431 345 | msgid "It is difficult to categorize the goals of each project: the differences are very subjective. Basically," 346 | msgstr "" 347 | 348 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 349 | #: article.translate.xml:436 350 | msgid "FreeBSD aims for high performance and ease of use by end users, and is a favourite of web content providers. It runs on a number of platforms and has significantly more users than the other projects." 351 | msgstr "" 352 | 353 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 354 | #: article.translate.xml:444 355 | msgid "NetBSD aims for maximum portability: of course it runs NetBSD. It runs on machines from palmtops to large servers, and has even been used on NASA space missions. It is a particularly good choice for running on old non-Intel hardware." 356 | msgstr "" 357 | 358 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 359 | #: article.translate.xml:452 360 | msgid "OpenBSD aims for security and code purity: it uses a combination of the open source concept and rigorous code reviews to create a system which is demonstrably correct, making it the choice of security-conscious organizations such as banks, stock exchanges and US Government departments. Like NetBSD, it runs on a number of platforms." 361 | msgstr "" 362 | 363 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 364 | #: article.translate.xml:462 365 | msgid "DragonFlyBSD aims for high performance and scalability under everything from a single-node UP system to a massively clustered system. DragonFlyBSD has several long-range technical goals, but focus lies on providing a SMP-capable infrastructure that is easy to understand, maintain and develop for." 366 | msgstr "" 367 | 368 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 369 | #: article.translate.xml:471 370 | msgid "There are also two additional BSD UNIX operating systems which are not open source, BSD/OS and Apple's Mac OS X:" 371 | msgstr "" 372 | 373 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 374 | #: article.translate.xml:477 375 | msgid "BSD/OS was the oldest of the 4.4BSD derivatives. It was not open source, though source code licenses were available at relatively low cost. It resembled FreeBSD in many ways. Two years after the acquisition of BSDi by Wind River Systems, BSD/OS failed to survive as an independent product. Support and source code may still be available from Wind River, but all new development is focused on the VxWorks embedded operating system." 376 | msgstr "" 377 | 378 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 379 | #: article.translate.xml:488 380 | msgid "Mac OS X is the latest version of the operating system for Apple's Mac line. The BSD core of this operating system, Darwin, is available as a fully functional open source operating system for x86 and PPC computers. The Aqua/Quartz graphics system and many other proprietary aspects of Mac OS X remain closed-source, however. Several Darwin developers are also FreeBSD committers, and vice-versa." 381 | msgstr "" 382 | 383 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 384 | #: article.translate.xml:503 385 | msgid "How does the BSD license differ from the GNU Public license?" 386 | msgstr "" 387 | 388 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 389 | #: article.translate.xml:506 390 | msgid "Linux is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is designed to eliminate closed source software. In particular, any derivative work of a product released under the GPL must also be supplied with source code if requested. By contrast, the BSD license is less restrictive: binary-only distributions are allowed. This is particularly attractive for embedded applications." 391 | msgstr "" 392 | 393 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 394 | #: article.translate.xml:518 395 | msgid "What else should I know?" 396 | msgstr "" 397 | 398 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 399 | #: article.translate.xml:520 400 | msgid "Since fewer applications are available for BSD than Linux, the BSD developers created a Linux compatibility package, which allows Linux programs to run under BSD. The package includes both kernel modifications, in order to correctly perform Linux system calls, and Linux compatibility files such as the C library. There is no noticeable difference in execution speed between a Linux application running on a Linux machine and a Linux application running on a BSD machine of the same speed." 401 | msgstr "" 402 | 403 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 404 | #: article.translate.xml:530 405 | msgid "The all from one supplier nature of BSD means that upgrades are much easier to handle than is frequently the case with Linux. BSD handles library version upgrades by providing compatibility modules for earlier library versions, so it is possible to run binaries which are several years old with no problems." 406 | msgstr "" 407 | 408 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 409 | #: article.translate.xml:539 410 | msgid "Which should I use, BSD or Linux?" 411 | msgstr "" 412 | 413 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 414 | #: article.translate.xml:541 415 | msgid "What does this all mean in practice? Who should use BSD, who should use Linux?" 416 | msgstr "" 417 | 418 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 419 | #: article.translate.xml:544 420 | msgid "This is a very difficult question to answer. Here are some guidelines:" 421 | msgstr "" 422 | 423 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 424 | #: article.translate.xml:549 425 | msgid "If it ain't broke, don't fix it: If you already use an open source operating system, and you are happy with it, there is probably no good reason to change." 426 | msgstr "" 427 | 428 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 429 | #: article.translate.xml:556 430 | msgid "BSD systems, in particular FreeBSD, can have notably higher performance than Linux. But this is not across the board. In many cases, there is little or no difference in performance. In some cases, Linux may perform better than FreeBSD." 431 | msgstr "" 432 | 433 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 434 | #: article.translate.xml:564 435 | msgid "In general, BSD systems have a better reputation for reliability, mainly as a result of the more mature code base." 436 | msgstr "" 437 | 438 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 439 | #: article.translate.xml:570 440 | msgid "BSD projects have a better reputation for the quality and completeness of their documentation. The various documentation projects aim to provide actively updated documentation, in many languages, and covering all aspects of the system." 441 | msgstr "" 442 | 443 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 444 | #: article.translate.xml:578 445 | msgid "The BSD license may be more attractive than the GPL." 446 | msgstr "" 447 | 448 | #. (itstool) path: listitem/para 449 | #: article.translate.xml:582 450 | msgid "BSD can execute most Linux binaries, while Linux can not execute BSD binaries. Many BSD implementations can also execute binaries from other UNIX like systems. As a result, BSD may present an easier migration route from other systems than Linux would." 451 | msgstr "" 452 | 453 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/title 454 | #: article.translate.xml:592 455 | msgid "Who provides support, service, and training for BSD?" 456 | msgstr "" 457 | 458 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 459 | #: article.translate.xml:595 460 | msgid "BSDi / FreeBSD Mall, Inc. have been providing support contracts for FreeBSD for nearly a decade." 461 | msgstr "" 462 | 463 | #. (itstool) path: sect2/para 464 | #: article.translate.xml:599 465 | msgid "In addition, each of the projects has a list of consultants for hire: FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD." 466 | msgstr "" 467 | 468 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------