├── .gitignore ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── r2-cheatsheet.pdf └── r2-cheatsheet.tex /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Core latex/pdflatex auxiliary files: 2 | *.aux 3 | *.lof 4 | *.log 5 | *.lot 6 | *.fls 7 | *.out 8 | *.toc 9 | *.fmt 10 | *.fot 11 | *.cb 12 | *.cb2 13 | 14 | ## Intermediate documents: 15 | *.dvi 16 | *-converted-to.* 17 | # these rules might exclude image files for figures etc. 18 | # *.ps 19 | # *.eps 20 | # *.pdf 21 | 22 | ## Bibliography auxiliary files (bibtex/biblatex/biber): 23 | *.bbl 24 | *.bcf 25 | *.blg 26 | *-blx.aux 27 | *-blx.bib 28 | *.brf 29 | *.run.xml 30 | 31 | ## Build tool auxiliary files: 32 | *.fdb_latexmk 33 | *.synctex 34 | *.synctex.gz 35 | *.synctex.gz(busy) 36 | *.pdfsync 37 | 38 | ## Auxiliary and intermediate files from other packages: 39 | # algorithms 40 | *.alg 41 | *.loa 42 | 43 | # achemso 44 | acs-*.bib 45 | 46 | # amsthm 47 | *.thm 48 | 49 | # beamer 50 | *.nav 51 | *.snm 52 | *.vrb 53 | 54 | # cprotect 55 | *.cpt 56 | 57 | # fixme 58 | *.lox 59 | 60 | #(r)(e)ledmac/(r)(e)ledpar 61 | *.end 62 | *.?end 63 | *.[1-9] 64 | *.[1-9][0-9] 65 | *.[1-9][0-9][0-9] 66 | *.[1-9]R 67 | *.[1-9][0-9]R 68 | *.[1-9][0-9][0-9]R 69 | *.eledsec[1-9] 70 | *.eledsec[1-9]R 71 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9] 72 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9]R 73 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9] 74 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]R 75 | 76 | # glossaries 77 | *.acn 78 | *.acr 79 | *.glg 80 | *.glo 81 | *.gls 82 | *.glsdefs 83 | 84 | # gnuplottex 85 | *-gnuplottex-* 86 | 87 | # hyperref 88 | *.brf 89 | 90 | # knitr 91 | *-concordance.tex 92 | # TODO Comment the next line if you want to keep your tikz graphics files 93 | *.tikz 94 | *-tikzDictionary 95 | 96 | # listings 97 | *.lol 98 | 99 | # makeidx 100 | *.idx 101 | *.ilg 102 | *.ind 103 | *.ist 104 | 105 | # minitoc 106 | *.maf 107 | *.mlf 108 | *.mlt 109 | *.mtc 110 | *.mtc[0-9] 111 | *.mtc[1-9][0-9] 112 | 113 | # minted 114 | _minted* 115 | *.pyg 116 | 117 | # morewrites 118 | *.mw 119 | 120 | # mylatexformat 121 | *.fmt 122 | 123 | # nomencl 124 | *.nlo 125 | 126 | # sagetex 127 | *.sagetex.sage 128 | *.sagetex.py 129 | *.sagetex.scmd 130 | 131 | # sympy 132 | *.sout 133 | *.sympy 134 | sympy-plots-for-*.tex/ 135 | 136 | # pdfcomment 137 | *.upa 138 | *.upb 139 | 140 | # pythontex 141 | *.pytxcode 142 | pythontex-files-*/ 143 | 144 | # thmtools 145 | *.loe 146 | 147 | # TikZ & PGF 148 | *.dpth 149 | *.md5 150 | *.auxlock 151 | 152 | # todonotes 153 | *.tdo 154 | 155 | # xindy 156 | *.xdy 157 | 158 | # xypic precompiled matrices 159 | *.xyc 160 | 161 | # endfloat 162 | *.ttt 163 | *.fff 164 | 165 | # Latexian 166 | TSWLatexianTemp* 167 | 168 | ## Editors: 169 | # WinEdt 170 | *.bak 171 | *.sav 172 | 173 | # Texpad 174 | .texpadtmp 175 | 176 | # Kile 177 | *.backup 178 | 179 | # KBibTeX 180 | *~[0-9]* 181 | 182 | # Vim 183 | *.swp 184 | 185 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} 635 | Copyright (C) {year} {name of author} 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # r2 cheatsheet 2 | 3 | An incomplete/work-in-progress cheatsheet, mainly targeted at reversing binaries, 4 | that I wrote for my own personal use; I hope that others will find it helpful. 5 | 6 | Many options/commands have been found out and taught me by [Packmad](https://github.com/packmad); thanks! 7 | 8 | Compile the cheatsheet with: pdflatex r2-cheatsheet.tex 9 | 10 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /r2-cheatsheet.pdf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zxgio/r2-cheatsheet/ad842a16e6764a16e016fceeea7f7dd468509631/r2-cheatsheet.pdf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /r2-cheatsheet.tex: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | \documentclass[a4paper,landscape]{article} 2 | \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} 3 | \usepackage{lmodern} 4 | \usepackage[bookmarks=true,colorlinks=true,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,filecolor=black,urlcolor=black]{hyperref} 5 | \usepackage{multicol} 6 | \usepackage{geometry} 7 | \geometry{top=1cm,left=1cm,right=1cm,bottom=1cm} 8 | \pagestyle{empty} 9 | 10 | % Redefine section commands to use less space 11 | \makeatletter 12 | \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{section}{1}{0mm}% 13 | {-1ex plus -.5ex minus -.2ex}% 14 | {0.5ex plus .2ex}%x 15 | {\normalfont\large\bfseries}} 16 | \renewcommand{\subsection}{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{0mm}% 17 | {-1explus -.5ex minus -.2ex}% 18 | {0.5ex plus .2ex}% 19 | {\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}} 20 | \renewcommand{\subsubsection}{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{0mm}% 21 | {-1ex plus -.5ex minus -.2ex}% 22 | {1ex plus .2ex}% 23 | {\normalfont\small\bfseries}} 24 | \makeatother 25 | 26 | \setcounter{secnumdepth}{0} % Don't print section numbers 27 | \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} 28 | \setlength{\parskip}{0pt plus 0.5ex} 29 | \begin{document} 30 | %\raggedright 31 | \footnotesize 32 | \begin{multicols*}{3} 33 | % multicol parameters 34 | % These lengths are set only within the two main columns 35 | %\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.25pt} 36 | \setlength{\premulticols}{1pt} 37 | \setlength{\postmulticols}{1pt} 38 | \setlength{\multicolsep}{1pt} 39 | \setlength{\columnsep}{2pt} 40 | 41 | \begin{center} 42 | \Large{\textbf{Reversing with Radare2}} \\ 43 | \end{center} 44 | 45 | \section{Starting Radare} 46 | The basic usage is \texttt{radare2} \textit{exe} (on some systems you can 47 | use simply \texttt{r2} instead of \texttt{radare2}). 48 | If there exists a script named \textit{exe}\texttt{.r2}, 49 | then it gets executed after the others rc-files. 50 | If you want to run radare2 without opening any file, you can use \texttt{-{}-} instead of an executable name. 51 | 52 | Some command-line options are: 53 | 54 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 55 | \texttt{-d} \textit{file} & debug executable \textit{file} \\ 56 | \texttt{-d} \textit{pid} & debug process \textit{pid} \\ 57 | \texttt{-A} & analyze all referenced code (\texttt{aaa} command) \\ 58 | \texttt{-r} \textit{profile}\texttt{.rr2} & specifies \texttt{rarun2} profile (same as \\ & \texttt{-e dbg.profile=}\textit{profile}\texttt{.rr2}) \\ 59 | \texttt{-w} & open file in write mode \\ 60 | \texttt{-p} [\textit{prj}] & list projects / use project \textit{prj} \\ 61 | \texttt{-h} & show help message (\texttt{-hh} the verbose one) 62 | \end{tabular} 63 | 64 | Example: \texttt{r2 -dA /bin/ls} 65 | 66 | \subsection{Running in different environments: rarun2} 67 | \texttt{rarun2} runs programs with different environments, 68 | arguments, permissions, directories and overridden default file-descriptors. 69 | Usage: 70 | 71 | \texttt{rarun2} [\texttt{-t}$|$\textit{script-name}\texttt{.rr2}] [\textit{directives}] [\texttt{-{}-}] [\textit{prog-name}] [\textit{args}] 72 | 73 | \texttt{rarun2 -t} shows the terminal name, say $\alpha$, and wait for a connection from another process. For instance, from another terminal, you can execute \texttt{rarun2 stdio=$\alpha$ program=/bin/sh} (use \texttt{stdin}/\texttt{stdout} to redirect one stream only). Run \texttt{rarun2 -h} to get a sample \texttt{.rr2} file. 74 | 75 | rarun2 supports \emph{a lot} of directives, see the man page for details. 76 | 77 | \section{General information} 78 | The command \texttt{?} prints the help. Command names are hierarchically defined; for instance, all \textbf{p}rinting commands start with \texttt{p}. So, to understand what a command does, you can append \texttt{?} to a \emph{prefix} of such a command; e.g., to learn what \texttt{pdf} does, you can first try \texttt{pd?}, then the more general \texttt{p?}. 79 | You can get recursive help with \texttt{?*}; e.g.: \texttt{p?*} 80 | 81 | Single-line comments can be entered using \texttt{\#}; e.g. \texttt{s \# where R we?}. 82 | 83 | Command \texttt{?} can also be used to evaluate an expression and print its result in various format; e.g. \texttt{? 5 * 8+2} (note the space after \texttt{?}). Commands \texttt{?v}/\texttt{?vi} print result only in hex/decimal. There are also some special \texttt{\$}-variables 84 | (list them all with: \texttt{?\$?}); e.g.: 85 | 86 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 87 | \texttt{\$\$} & current virtual seek \\ 88 | \texttt{\$b} & block size \\ 89 | \end{tabular} 90 | 91 | Where an address \textit{addx} is expected, you can provide any expression that evaluates to an address, 92 | e.g. a function name or a register name. In this cheatsheet we sometimes use \textit{fn-name}, instead of \textit{addx}, to emphasize that the argument is supposed to be a function starting address. As default address is (usually?) used the current seek: \texttt{\$\$}. 93 | 94 | All commands that: 95 | \begin{itemize} 96 | \item accept an optional size (e.g. \texttt{pd}), use the current block size by default (see: \texttt{b}) 97 | \item accept an optional address (e.g., \texttt{pdf}), use the current position by default (see: \texttt{s}) 98 | \end{itemize} 99 | Commands can be chained by using \texttt{;}; e.g. \texttt{s fun; pd 2}. 100 | 101 | A single command can be applied to each element of a sequence by using \texttt{@@}; e.g. \texttt{axt @@ str.*}, see \texttt{@@?}. 102 | 103 | \subsection{Internal grep-like filtering} 104 | You can filter command output by appending \texttt{\textasciitilde{}}[\texttt{!}]\textit{str}, to display only rows [not] containing string \textit{str}; e.g. \texttt{pdf\textasciitilde{}rdx} and \texttt{pdf\textasciitilde{}!rdx}. You can further filter by appending 105 | 106 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 107 | \texttt{:}\textit{r} & display row \textit{r} ($0\le r < \#\mathit{rows}$ or, backwards \\ & with: $-\#\mathit{rows}\le r \le -1)$ \\ 108 | \texttt{[}$c_1[,c_2,\ldots]$\texttt{]} & display columns $c_1,c_2,\ldots$ ($0\le c_i < \#\mathit{cols}$) \\ 109 | \texttt{:r[}$c_1,\ldots,c_n$\texttt{]} & display columns $c_1,\ldots,c_n$ of row $r$ \\ 110 | \texttt{..} & pipe output into less-like viewer \\ 111 | \texttt{...} & pipe into HUD, which filters space separated strings \\ 112 | \end{tabular} 113 | 114 | Examples: \texttt{afl\textasciitilde{}[0]}, \texttt{afl\textasciitilde{}malloc[0]}, \texttt{pdf\textasciitilde{}:2} and \texttt{pdf\textasciitilde{}mov:2} 115 | 116 | There is much more (sorting, counting, \ldots); see: \texttt{\textasciitilde?} 117 | 118 | \subsection{Shell interaction} 119 | Command output can be redirected to a file by appending \texttt{>}\textit{filename} 120 | or piped to an external command with \texttt{|}\textit{progname} [\textit{args}]. 121 | Examples: \texttt{afl > all\_functions} and \texttt{afl | wc -l}. 122 | 123 | External commands can be run with \texttt{!!}\textit{progname} [\textit{args}]. 124 | Note: if a command starts with a single \texttt{!}, the rest of the string is passed to currently loaded IO plugin (only if no plugin can handle the command, it is passed to the shell). 125 | 126 | Moreover, backticks can be used to send the output of r2-commands as arguments; e.g. 127 | \texttt{!!echo `? 42`}. 128 | Vice versa output of external programs can be used as arguments for internal commands; e.g. \texttt{pdf `echo 3` @ `echo entry0`}. 129 | 130 | Some common Unix-like commands are implemented as built-ins; e.g. \texttt{ls}, \texttt{cd}, \texttt{pwd}, \texttt{mkdir} and \texttt{rm}. 131 | 132 | \subsection{Radare scripting} 133 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 134 | \texttt{.} \textit{filename} & interpret r2 script \textit{filename} \\ 135 | \texttt{.!} \textit{command} & interpret output of \textit{command} as r2 commands \\ 136 | \end{tabular} 137 | 138 | \subsection{Python scripting (via r2pipe)} 139 | You can script Radare2 with Python, by leveraging \emph{r2pipe}, that can be easily installed (inside any Python 2 virtual environment) 140 | with: \\ \texttt{pip install r2pipe}. 141 | 142 | Then, you can spawn a Python interpreter, from inside r2, with: \\ 143 | \texttt{\#!pipe python} [\textit{python-file}] \\ 144 | or simply: \\ 145 | \texttt{\#.} \textit{python-file} 146 | 147 | Once you are in Python-world, you can connect to r2 by \texttt{import}ing \texttt{r2pipe} and inizializing some variable, 148 | say \texttt{r2}, with \texttt{r2pipe.open("\#!pipe")}, or simply \texttt{r2pipe.open()}. 149 | 150 | Then you can interact with Radare by invoking method \texttt{cmd}; e.g. \texttt{print(r2.cmd('pdf @ entry0'))}. 151 | 152 | You can make most Radare2 commands output in JSON format by appending a \texttt{j}; e.g. \texttt{pdfj} (instead of \texttt{pdf}). 153 | 154 | Method \texttt{cmdj} can de-serialize JSON output into Python objects; e.g. \texttt{f = r2.cmdj('pdfj @ entry0')} \\ \texttt{print f['name'], f['addr'], f['ops'][0]['opcode']} 155 | 156 | \subsubsection{r2pipe: connecting to other r2 instances} 157 | You can connect to any web-listening instance of r2 by passing \texttt{r2pipe.open} a 158 | string of the form \texttt{'http://}\textit{host}\texttt{:}\textit{port}\texttt{'}. 159 | By using this approach you get your own seek-cursor: your seek commands won't affect 160 | others. 161 | 162 | To open a background web-service in r2 use command \texttt{=h\&}. You may also want to 163 | take a look at configuration variable \texttt{http.sandbox}. 164 | 165 | \subsection{Configuration} 166 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 167 | \texttt{e??} & list all variable names and descriptions \\ 168 | \texttt{e?}[\texttt{?}] \textit{var-name} & show description of \textit{var-name}\\ 169 | \texttt{e} [\textit{var-name}] & show the value of all variables [\textit{var-name} only] \\ 170 | \texttt{e} \textit{var-name} \texttt{=?}[\texttt{?}]& print valid values of \textit{var-name} [with descript.]\\ 171 | & E.g. \texttt{e asm.arch=??} \\ 172 | \texttt{eco} \textit{theme-name} & select theme; eg. \texttt{eco solarized} \\ 173 | \texttt{eco} & list available themes \\ 174 | \texttt{b} [\textit{size}]& display [set] current block size \\ 175 | \texttt{env} [\textit{name} [\texttt{=}\textit{value}]] & get/set environment variables \\ 176 | \end{tabular} 177 | \subsubsection{Some variables} 178 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 179 | % \texttt{asm.pseudo} & enable pseudo-code syntax \\ 180 | \texttt{asm.bytes} & display bytes of each instruction \\ 181 | \texttt{asm.describe} & show opcode description \\ 182 | \texttt{asm.cmt.right} & comments at right of disassembly if they fit \\ 183 | \texttt{asm.emu} & run ESIL emulation analysis on disasm \\ 184 | \texttt{asm.demangle} & Show demangled symbols in disasm \\ 185 | \texttt{asm.shortcut} & Shortcut (e.g. [1],[2],\ldots) position in visual mode \\ 186 | \texttt{bin.baddr} & base address of the binary \\ 187 | % % \\ 188 | % \texttt{bin.demangle} & Import demangled symbols from RBin \\ 189 | % \\ 190 | \texttt{cmd.bp} & command to run when a breakpoint is hit; \\ & e.g. \texttt{cmd.bp=!!}\textit{program} \\ 191 | \texttt{cmd.stack} & command to display the stack in visual \\ & debug mode (Eg: \texttt{px 32}) \\ 192 | % \\ 193 | \texttt{dbg.follow.child} & continue tracing the child process on fork \\ 194 | \texttt{dbg.funcarg} & display func.~arguments in visual mode [experimental]\\ 195 | \texttt{dbg.slow} & show stack and regs in visual mode, in a slow but \\ & verbose (e.g. telescoping) mode; check \emph{column mode} \\ 196 | \texttt{dbg.trace} & trace program execution (check also \texttt{asm.trace}) \\ 197 | % \\ 198 | \texttt{io.cache} & enable cache for IO (=non-persistent write-mode) \\ 199 | % \\ 200 | \texttt{scr.utf8} & show nice UTF-8 chars instead of ANSI \\ & (Windows: switch code-page with \texttt{chcp 65001})\\ 201 | \texttt{scr.utf8.curvy} & show curved UTF-8 corners (requires \texttt{scr.utf8}) \\ 202 | \texttt{scr.nkey} & select seek mode; affects \texttt{n}/\texttt{N} in visual mode \\ 203 | \texttt{scr.breaklines} & break lines in Visual instead of truncating them \\ 204 | \texttt{scr.html} & disassembly outputs in HTML syntax \\ 205 | %\texttt{scr.wheel} & enables mouse-wheel in visual mode 206 | \end{tabular} 207 | % \subsubsection{Example: my \texttt{\textasciitilde{}/.radare2rc}} 208 | % \begin{verbatim} 209 | % e asm.bytes=0 210 | % e asm.cmtright=true 211 | % e cmd.stack=px 32 212 | % e dbg.slow=true 213 | % e scr.utf8=true 214 | % e scr.wheel=false 215 | % eco solarized 216 | % \end{verbatim} 217 | 218 | \section{Searching: \texttt{/}} 219 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 220 | \texttt{/ \textit{str}} & search for string \textit{str} \\ 221 | \texttt{/c \textit{instr}} & search for instruction \textit{instr} \\ 222 | \texttt{/x \textit{hstr}} & search for hex-string \textit{hstr} \\ 223 | \texttt{/a \textit{asm-instr}} & assemble instruction and search for its bytes \\ 224 | \texttt{/R}[\texttt{/}]\ \textit{opcode} & find ROP gadgets [with r.e.] containing opcode; \\ & see: \url{http://radare.today/posts/ropnroll/} \\ 225 | \texttt{/A }\textit{type} & find instructions of type \textit{type} (\texttt{/A?} for the listof types) \\ 226 | \end{tabular} 227 | 228 | Also: \texttt{e search.in=??} and \texttt{e??search} for options 229 | 230 | \section{Seeking: \texttt{s}} 231 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 232 | \texttt{s} & print current position/address \\ 233 | \texttt{s} \textit{addx} & seek to \textit{addx} \\ 234 | \texttt{s..} \textit{hex} & changes least-significant part of current address to \textit{hex}\\ 235 | \texttt{s+} \textit{n} and \texttt{s-} \textit{n} & seek \textit{n} bytes forward/backward \\ 236 | \texttt{s++} and \texttt{s-{}-} & seek block-size bytes forward/backward \\ 237 | \texttt{s-} and \texttt{s+} & undo/redo seek \\ 238 | \texttt{s=} & list seek history \\ 239 | \texttt{s*} & list seek history as r2-commands \\ 240 | \end{tabular} 241 | 242 | \section{Writing: \texttt{w}} 243 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 244 | \texttt{wa} \textit{asm-instr} & assemble+write opcodes; 245 | quote the whole command \\ & for more instructions: 246 | \texttt{"wa} \textit{instr$_1$}\texttt{;} \textit{instr$_2$}\texttt{;} \ldots\texttt{"} \\ 247 | \texttt{wao} \textit{\ldots} & replace current instruction; see \texttt{wao?} for details \\ 248 | \texttt{w}[\texttt{z}] \textit{str} & write string \textit{str} [and append byte \texttt{\textbackslash x00}] \\ 249 | \texttt{wx} \textit{hex-pairs} & write hex-pairs \\ 250 | \texttt{wc} & list pending changes (see variable \texttt{io.cache}) \\ 251 | % \texttt{wc*} & list pending changes in Radare commands \\ 252 | \texttt{wtf} [\textit{file}] [\textit{size}] & write to file \\ 253 | \texttt{wopO} \textit{v} & print offset of \textit{v} inside De Bruijn pattern; equiv. to\\ 254 | & \texttt{ragg2 -q }\textit{v}; to produce a pattern: \texttt{ragg2 -r -P} \textit{size} \\ 255 | \end{tabular} 256 | 257 | \section{Analysis (functions and syscalls): \texttt{a}} 258 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 259 | \texttt{aaa} & analyze (\texttt{aa}) and auto-name functions \\ 260 | \texttt{aod} \textit{opcode} & description of \textit{opcode} (eg. \texttt{aod jle}) \\ 261 | \texttt{afl}[\texttt{l}] & list functions [with details] \\ 262 | \texttt{afi} \textit{fn-name} & show verbose info for \textit{fn-name} \\ 263 | \texttt{afn} \textit{new-name} \textit{addx} & (re)name function at address \textit{addx} \\ 264 | \texttt{asl} & list syscalls \\ 265 | \texttt{asl} \textit{name} & display syscall-number for \textit{name} \\ 266 | \texttt{asl} \textit{n} & display name of syscall number \textit{n} \\ 267 | \texttt{afvd} \textit{var-name} & output r2 command for displaying the \\ & address and value of arg/local \textit{var-name} \\ 268 | \texttt{.afvd} \textit{var-name} & display address and value of \textit{var-name} \\ 269 | \texttt{afvn} \textit{new-name} \textit{old-name} & rename argument/local variable \\ 270 | \texttt{afvt} \textit{name} \textit{type} & change type for given argument/local \\ 271 | \texttt{afv-} \textit{name} & removes variable \textit{name} \\ 272 | \texttt{axt} \textit{addx} & find data/code references to \textit{addx} \\ 273 | \texttt{ahi} $\{$\texttt{b}$|$\texttt{d}$|$\texttt{h}$|$\texttt{o}$|$\texttt{r}$|$\texttt{S}$|$\texttt{s}$\}$ \texttt{@} \textit{addx} & define binary/decimal/hex/octal/IP/ \\ & syscall/string base for immediate \\ 274 | \end{tabular} 275 | \vspace{-4mm} 276 | \subsection{ESIL code emulation: \texttt{ae}} 277 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 278 | \texttt{aei}[\texttt{m}] & initialize ESIL VM state [stack] \\ 279 | \texttt{aepc} \textit{addr} & change ESIL PC to \textit{addx} (\texttt{aeip} sets PC to curseek)\\ 280 | \texttt{aer} \dots & handle ESIL registers like \texttt{dr} does \\ 281 | \texttt{aes}[\texttt{b}|\texttt{o}] & perform emulated debugger step [back|over] \\ 282 | \texttt{aecu} \textit{addr} & continue until given address \\ 283 | \end{tabular} 284 | \vspace{-1mm} 285 | \subsection{Graphviz/graph code: \texttt{ag}} 286 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 287 | \texttt{agfd} \textit{addr} & output graphviz code (BB at \textit{addr} and children) \\ & E.g. view the function graph with: \texttt{agfd \$\$ | xdot -} \\ 288 | \texttt{agcd} \textit{addr} & callgraph of function at \textit{addx} \\ 289 | \texttt{agCd} & full program callgraph \\ 290 | \end{tabular} 291 | 292 | \section{Flags (AKA ``bookmarks''): \texttt{f}} 293 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 294 | \texttt{fs [\textit{name}]} & display flagspaces [select/create fs \textit{name}] \\ 295 | \texttt{fs+} \textit{name} & push previous flagspace and set \textit{name} \\ 296 | \texttt{fs-} & pop to the previous flagspace \\ 297 | \texttt{f} & list flags \\ 298 | \texttt{f} \textit{name} \texttt{@} \textit{addx} & \emph{or}\\ 299 | \texttt{f} \textit{name} \texttt{=} \textit{addx} & associate name \textit{name} to address \textit{addx} \\ 300 | \texttt{f- @} \textit{addx} & remove the association at address \textit{addx} \\ 301 | \texttt{f-} \textit{name} & remove the association with name \textit{name} \\ 302 | \end{tabular} 303 | 304 | \section{Comments: \texttt{C}} 305 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 306 | % \texttt{CC} & list all comments in human friendly form \\ 307 | \texttt{CCu} \textit{text} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & set (update?) comment \textit{text} at \textit{addx} \\ 308 | \texttt{CC} \textit{text} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & append comment \textit{text} at \textit{addx} \\ 309 | \texttt{CC-} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & remove comment at \textit{addx} \\ 310 | \texttt{CC.} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & show comment at \textit{addx} \\ 311 | \texttt{CC!} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & edit comment using \texttt{cfg.editor} (vim, \ldots) \\ 312 | \end{tabular} 313 | 314 | \section{Debugging: \texttt{d}} 315 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 316 | \texttt{dc} & continue (or start) execution \\ 317 | \texttt{dcu} \textit{addx} & continue until \textit{addx} is reached \\ 318 | \texttt{dcs} [\textit{name}] & continue until the next syscall [\textit{name}] \\ 319 | \texttt{dcr} & continue until ret (uses step over) \\ 320 | \texttt{dr=} & show general-purpose regs and their values \\ 321 | \texttt{dro} & show previous (old) values of registers \\ 322 | \texttt{drr} & show register references (telescoping) \\ 323 | \texttt{dr} \textit{reg-name} \texttt{=} \textit{value} & set register value \\ 324 | \texttt{drt} & list register types \\ 325 | \texttt{drt} \textit{type} & list registers of type \textit{type} and their values \\ 326 | \texttt{db} & list breakpoints \\ 327 | \texttt{db}[\texttt{-}]\ \textit{addx} & add [remove] breakpoint \\ 328 | \texttt{doo} [\textit{args}] & (re)start debugging; synonym of \texttt{ood}\\ 329 | \texttt{ds}[\texttt{o}] & step into [over]\\ 330 | \texttt{dbt} & display backtrace (check \texttt{dbg.btdepth}/\texttt{btalgo}) \\ 331 | \texttt{drx} & hardware breakpoints \\ 332 | \texttt{dm} & list memory maps; the asterisk shows where \\ & the current offset is \\ 333 | \texttt{dmh} & show heap allocation (see: \texttt{dmh?}) \\ 334 | \texttt{dmm} & list modules (libraries, loaded binaries) \\ 335 | \texttt{dmi} [\textit{addr}|\textit{lib}] [\textit{sym}] & list symbols of target lib \\ 336 | \texttt{dmp} & change page permissions (see: \texttt{dmp?}) \\ 337 | \texttt{dt}[\texttt{d}] & list all traces [disassembled] \\ 338 | \texttt{dd} & handle file descriptors (see: \texttt{dd?}) \\ 339 | \end{tabular} 340 | 341 | \section{Types: \texttt{t}} 342 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 343 | \texttt{"td\ }\textit{C-type-def}\texttt{"} & define a new type \\ 344 | \texttt{t} \textit{t-name} & show type \textit{t-name} in \texttt{pf} syntax \\ 345 | \texttt{.t }\textit{t-name} \texttt{@} \textit{addx} & display the value (of type \textit{t-name}) at \textit{addx} \\ 346 | \texttt{t}[\texttt{e}/\texttt{s}/\texttt{u}] & list all-types/enums/structs/unions \\ 347 | \texttt{to} \textit{file} & parse type information from C header file \\ 348 | \texttt{tl} \textit{t-name} & link \textit{t-name} to current address \\ 349 | \texttt{tl} \textit{t-name} \texttt{=} \textit{addx} & link \textit{t-name} to address \textit{addx} \\ 350 | \texttt{tl} & list all links in readable format \\ 351 | \texttt{tp} \textit{t-name} \texttt{=} \textit{addx} & cast data at \textit{addx} to type \textit{t-name}, \\ & and prints it \\ 352 | \end{tabular} 353 | 354 | \section{Printing: \texttt{p}} 355 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 356 | \texttt{ps} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}]& print C-string at \textit{addx} (or current position) \\ 357 | \texttt{psb} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}]& print C-strings at \textit{addx} (or current block) \\ 358 | \texttt{pxr} [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & print with references to flags/code (telescoping) \\ 359 | \texttt{px} [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & hexdump --- note: \texttt{x} is an alias for \texttt{px}\\ 360 | \texttt{px}$\{$\texttt{h}$|$\texttt{w}$|$\texttt{q}$\}$ \ldots & hexdump in 16/32/64 bit words \\ 361 | \texttt{px}$\{$\texttt{H}$|$\texttt{W}$|$\texttt{Q}$\}$ \ldots & as the previous one, but one per line \\ 362 | \texttt{pxl} [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & display \textit{n} rows of hexdump \\ 363 | \texttt{px/}\textit{fmt} [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & gdb-style printing \textit{fmt} (in gdb see: \texttt{help x} \\ & from r2: \texttt{!!gdb -q -ex 'help x' -ex quit}) \\ 364 | \texttt{pd} [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & disassemble \textit{n} instructions (backwards if $n<0$) \\ 365 | \texttt{p8} [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & print bytes \\ 366 | \texttt{pD} [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & disassemble \textit{n} bytes \\ 367 | \texttt{pdf} [\texttt{@} \textit{fn-name}] & disassemble function \textit{fn-name} \\ 368 | \texttt{pc}[\texttt{p}] [\textit{n}] [\texttt{@} \textit{addx}] & dumps in C [Python] format \\ 369 | \texttt{*} \textit{addx} [\texttt{=}\textit{value}] & shortcut for reading/writing at \textit{addx} \\ 370 | \texttt{pf} \textit{fmt} $a_1 [,a_2,\dots]$ & formatted print, see \texttt{pf??} and \texttt{pf???} \\ 371 | \texttt{pa}[\texttt{d}] \ldots & assemble-to/disassemble-from hex-pairs \\ 372 | \end{tabular} 373 | 374 | \section{Information: \texttt{i} (and \texttt{S})} 375 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 376 | \texttt{i} & show info of current file \\ 377 | \texttt{iz}[\texttt{z}] & strings in data sections [whole binary] \\ 378 | \texttt{i}$\{$\texttt{e}$|$\texttt{i}$|$\texttt{l}$|$\texttt{S}$|$\texttt{SS}$\}$ & entrypoint/imports/libraries/sections/segments \\ 379 | \end{tabular} 380 | 381 | \section{Visual mode: \texttt{V} (\texttt{q} exits)} 382 | Command \texttt{V} enters \emph{visual mode}. 383 | 384 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 385 | \texttt{q} & exit visual-mode \\ 386 | \texttt{c} & cursor-mode, \textit{tab} switches among panels \\ 387 | & \texttt{+}/\texttt{-} increment/decrement current byte \\ 388 | \texttt{:} & execute a normal-mode command; e.g. \texttt{:dm} \\ 389 | \texttt{p} and \texttt{P} & rotate forward/backward print modes \\ 390 | \texttt{/}\textit{str} & highlight occurrences of string \textit{str} \\ 391 | \texttt{\#} & toggle bytes \\ 392 | \texttt{O} & toggle ESIL-asm \\ 393 | \texttt{;} & add/remove comments (to current offset) \\ 394 | \texttt{x} & browse xrefs-to current offset \\ 395 | \texttt{X} & browse xrefs-from current function \\ 396 | \texttt{\_} & browse flags \\ 397 | \texttt{d} & define \texttt{f}unction, \texttt{e}nd-function, \texttt{r}ename, \ldots \\ 398 | \texttt{di}$\{$\texttt{b}$|$\texttt{o}$|$\texttt{d}$|$\texttt{h}$|$\texttt{s}$\}$ & define immediate bin/oct/dec/hex or str \\ 399 | \texttt{V} & enter block-graph viewer (\emph{space} toggles visual/graph)\\ 400 | \texttt{A} & enter visual-assembler (preview must be confirmed)\\ 401 | \texttt{n} / \texttt{N} & seek next/previous function/flag/hit (see \texttt{scr.nkey}) \\ 402 | \texttt{i} & enter insert mode \\ 403 | \texttt{e} & configures internal variables \\ 404 | \texttt{"} & toggle the column mode \\ 405 | \texttt{f} & (un)set flags \\ 406 | \end{tabular} 407 | \subsection{Seeking (in Visual Mode)} 408 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 409 | \texttt{.} & seeks to program counter \\ 410 | \textit{Enter} & on jump/call instructions, follow target address \\ 411 | \texttt{u} / \texttt{U} & undo / redo \\ 412 | \texttt{o} & go/seek to given offset \\ 413 | \texttt{0} (\emph{zero})& seek to beginning of current function \\ 414 | \textit{d} (a non-zero digit) & jump to the jmp/lea-hint marked \texttt{[}\textit{d}\texttt{]} \\ 415 | \texttt{r} & toggle jmp/lea hints \\ 416 | \texttt{m}\textit{l} (a letter) & mark the spot with letter \textit{l} \\ 417 | \texttt{'}\textit{l} & jump to mark \textit{l} \\ 418 | \texttt{n} / \texttt{N} & jump to next/previous function \\ 419 | \end{tabular} 420 | \subsection{Debugging (in Visual Mode)} 421 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 422 | \texttt{B} (\texttt{b} in older versions) or \texttt{F2} & toggle breakpoint \\ 423 | \texttt{F4} & run to cursor \\ 424 | \texttt{s} or \texttt{F7} & step-into \\ 425 | \texttt{S} or \texttt{F8} & step-over \\ 426 | \texttt{F9} & continue \\ 427 | \end{tabular} 428 | 429 | \section{Projects: \texttt{P} [unstable feature]} 430 | \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} 431 | \texttt{Pl} & list all projects \\ 432 | \texttt{P}$\{$\texttt{o}$|$\texttt{s}$|$\texttt{d}$\}$ [\textit{prj-name}] & open/save/delete project \textit{prj-name} \\ 433 | \texttt{Pc} \textit{prj-name} & show project script to console \\ 434 | \end{tabular} 435 | 436 | \rule{1.0\linewidth}{0.25pt} 437 | \scriptsize 438 | Copyright \copyright 2017 by zxgio; cheat-sheet built on \today 439 | 440 | This cheat-sheet may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU 441 | General Public License; the latest version can be found at: \\ 442 | \url{https://github.com/zxgio/r2-cheatsheet/} 443 | \end{multicols*} 444 | \end{document} 445 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------